tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54923635473070439772024-03-08T00:28:43.531-08:00BİZİM İLLER BİZİM ELLERUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5492363547307043977.post-915430933250346182021-05-04T19:22:00.008-07:002021-05-05T05:11:49.838-07:00 ÇIN KAYNAKLARINA GORE MİLATTAN ÖNCEKİ TÜRKLERİN YURDU<p> NURANİYE H. EKREM*<br /><br />Bilindiği gibi, Türklerin ilk yurdu meselesi, hâlâ aydınlanmamış birkonu olup; gerek Türkiye’de, gerekse Avrupa’da birçok araştırmalar yapılmış ve çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Bazı araştırmacılar kazı buluntularına, bazı araştırmacılar tarih sürecinde göçebe insanlara ait olan kültürlere, bazıları ise Türk dili konusunu araştırarak, Türklerin ilk yurdu hakkında değişik fikirler ortaya koymuşlardır.<br /><br />Tarihçiler, Çin kaynaklarına dayanarak Altay Dağlarını, Türklerin anayurdu olarak kabul ederken; <br />sanat tarihçileri Tanrı Dağlarının kuzey sahasını, <br />bazı kültür tarihçileri ise İrtiş-Urallar arasını veya Altay-Kırgız bozkırları arasını ya daBaykal Gölü’nün güneybatısını göstermişlerdir. <br />Bazı dil araştırmacıları da Altayların doğusunun veya Kingan silsilesi bölgesinin ya da 90. boylamının doğusunun, Türklerin anayurdu olması gerektiğini düşünmüşlerdir.<br />Bazıları Altay-Ural dağları arası, hattâ Hazar Denizi’nin kuzeydoğu bozkırlarının asıl Türk yurdu olduğu ihtimalini ileri sürmüşlerdir.<br /><br />Çin kaynaklarından yararlanan araştırmacılar, genellikle, yazılması M.Ö. 86 yılında tamamlanmış olan Ssu-ma-chien’in Shih-chi (Tarihî Hatıralar) adlı eserine dayanmışlardır. <br />Aslında Shih-chi, kendinden önce yazılmış olan 30’dan fazla esere dayanarak yazılmıştır. <br />Shih-chi adlı kitapta Hunlardan önceki Proto-Türk kavmi oldukları kabul edilen Jung ve Ti gibi kavimlerden söz edilirken, bu kavimlerin M.Ö. 8. yüzyılda Çin’in kuzeyinde yaşadığı kaydedilmiştir. <br /><br />Oysa çok daha önceleri, yani M.Ö. 2000’liyıllarda Türk milletine mensup olan ve Çin kaynaklarında “uzaktan gelen kavimler” diye bahsedilen kavim hakkında, Çin dışındaki tarihçiler,yeterli araştırma yapmamışlardır. Söz konusu <b style="background-color: #fcff01;">“uzaktan gelen kavimler’-’in (Kui-fanglar) </b>M.Ö. 3. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış olan Hunların ataları olduğu Wang-kuo-wei tarafından ileri sürülmüştür.<br /><br />Yukarıdaki kaynak ve araştırma sonuçlarına, ayrıca arkeoloji buluntularına, antropoloji, dil, kültür konularındaki verilere dayanarak bugünkü Kafkasya, Suriye ve Anadolu gibi büyük bir alanda Türklerin ataları olan eski Proto-Türklerin oturmuş olabileceği ileri sürülmüştür.3Bilindiği gibi, M.O. Türklerin yurdu hakkında ileri sürülmüş fikirlergenellikle tahminî olup, hâlâ kesinlik kazanmamıştır. Dolayısıyla üzerinde çok çalışılması ve tatmin edici belgelerle kanıtlanması gerekmektedir.</p><p>Ayrıca, yapılan çalışmalar daha çok Hunlar ile ilgili olmasına rağmen, Hunların oturduğu bölgeler dahi net bir şekilde ortaya konulmuş değildir. Hunlar dahil, M.O. Türkler ve onların oturduğu bölgelerin henüz aydınlanmamış olması, bizi, ilk Proto-Türklerin oturduğu bölgenin ve Hun-ların hükümdar otağının nerede olduğu gibi konular hakkında düşünmeyesevk etmektedir.</p><p>M.O. ilk Türk yurdu hakkında gerek eski Yunan ve Roma kaynaklarında, gerekse eski Çin ve Hint kaynaklarında çok az belge bulunmaktadır. Bu konuda ilk olarak eski Grek tarihçisi Herodotes’in Tarih adlıeserinde4, Zeki Velidi Togan ve diğer birçok tarihçiler tarafından Türklerolduğu5 tahmin edilen SkythTer (İskitler) hakkında bilgi bulunmaktadır.<br />Çin’in Han Sülâlesi’nin (M.Ö. 206-M.S. 23) tarihçisi Szu-ma-ch’ien’ın yazdığı Shih-chi (Tarihî Hatıralar) adlı eserde ve daha sonra yazılmış olan Han-shu (Han Sülâlesi Tarihi) gibi eserlerde Hunlar hakkında özel bir bölümhalinde bilgi verilirken, Hunlardan daha önceki Türk kavimleri olduğu bilinen <b>Ti, Jung, Ch’üan-yi, Hsien-yü, Kui-fang ve Yan-yünler </b>hakkında ise yeterli bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Dolayısıyla Çin’in resmî kaynakları olanShih-chi ve Han-shu gibi eserlere göre, çok daha önceleri yazılmış olan ve söz konusu kitapların yazılmasında kaynak teşkil eden felsefe, fal, şiir, tıp gibi 30’u aşkın en eski Çin kaynak kitaplarına ve arkeoloji buluntuları olan Bambu ve Tunç yazıtları gibi eserlere, ayrıca son zamanlardaki arkeolojik buluntular ve bu konu ile ilgili araştırma sonuçlarını da değerlendirerek yapılmış çalışma sonuçlarına dayanarak M.Ö.’ki Türklerin yurdunu ana hatlarıyla belirtmeye çalışacağız.<br /><br />Bilindiği gibi şimdiye dek yapılan çalışmalarda, Türklerin atalarından söz edilirken, genellikle Hunlardan bahsedilir. Hunların sağlıklı bir devlet ve mükemmel bir askerî yapıya sahip olarak, döneminin kuvvetli imparatorluklarından biri olması bize, Hunlardan daha eski ve Hun imparatorluğumun ortaya çıkışında önemli roller üstlenmiş bir ya da birkaç temel siyasî topluluğun bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Hunların temelini oluşturan bu siyasî toplulukların nerede oturduğu sorusu, bu çalışmamızın temelini oluşturan konulardandır.Bu çalışmamızda Hunlardan önceki Proto-Türk kavimlerin oturduğubölgeleri tespit ederken, Shang Sülâlesi dönemi (M.O. 17.-11.yüzyıllar) ve Chou Sülâlesi dönemi (M.O. ll.yy-M.O. 256) olarak ayırıp, o dönemlerde faaliyet gösteren ve araştırmacılar tarafından Proto-Türk oldukları kabuledilen kavimlerin sadece oturduğu bölgeler ile Hunların yurdu ve Hun hükümdarlarının otağını, belgelere dayanarak ana hatlarıyla tespit etmeye çalışacağız.Shang Sülâlesi döneminde (16.-17. yüzyıllar) Çin yazısının ortaya çıkmasıyla birçok meselenin çözümü kolaylaşmıştır. Tarihî eserlere göre Shangların kuzeyinde Proto-Türk oldukları kabul edilen Kui-fanglar, Kung-fanglar ve Tu-fanglar gibi kavimler bulunmaktadır.6Proto-Türk kavmi olan Kui-fangların yaşadığı bölgenin nerede olduğu hakkında bazı kaynaklarda değişik yerlerden bahsedilmektedir. <b style="background-color: #fcff01;">Shih-chin adlı kitaba göre Kui-fang, “Uzaktaki Memleket” anlamındadır.</b>7 <br /><br />Bazıeski kaynaklara göre, Kui-fangların kuzey bölgesinde oturduğu8, <br />bazı eski kaynaklara göre de Batı Bölgesi’nde (Türkistan) oturdukları yazılmaktadır.9 <br />Bambu Üzerine Yazılmış Tarih Yazıları adlı kitapta Kui-fangların Çin’in güneyinde oturduğu kaydedilmektedir.10 <br />Wang-kuo-wei, tüm tarihî eserleri ve arkeolojik araştırmaları sonunda bulunan tunç yazılarını inceleyerek, Kui-fangların yaşadığı bölgelerin bugünkü Çin’in Shan-hsi eyaletinin kuzeybatısındaki bölgeler olduğunu, yani Shang memleketini yarı çember halinde kuşattıklarını ileri sürmüştür.11 <br />Çinli tarih araştırmacısı Ch’ing-chung-mien, M.O. 8. yüzyılın başlarında devlet kuran Ch’uların kültürü ve tarihi hakkındaki çalışmalarını içeren Ch’u Şiirlerindeki Türkçe Kelimeler adlı kitap ve makalesinde, Ch’uların Orta Asya’dan kuzeye (GüneySibirya) daha sonra Çin’in güneyindeki Hu-nan, Hu-pei eyaletlerine taşınmış olduğunu ve Çin’in güney bölgelerinde de Proto-Türklerin var olabileceğini ileri sürmüştür.12 <br />Çin’in eski kaynaklarındaki kayıtlara bakarakacaba Kui-fanglar, Ch’uların ataları olabilir mi sorusu akla gelirken, sözkonusu Ch’uların, Divanü Lugat-it-Turk'te kaydedilmiş ve Zeki Velidî Togan’-ın eserinde de yer alan “Çu rivayeti”13 ile bir bağlantısının olabileceğini düşünmeden geçemiyoruz. <br /><br /><b style="background-color: #ffa400;">Çince kaynaklardaki bu belgeler, bizi Kui-fangların Çin’in güneyinde oturduğu sonucuna götürmektedir.</b><br /><br />Shang Sülâlesi dönemindeki (M.Ö.16.-11. yüzyıllar) <br /><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavim-lerinden olduğu bilinen Kung ve T’ular</b>ın oturduğu bölge hakkında Çin bilgini Kuo-mo-jo, araştırmaları sonucunda ve diğer Çince kaynaklara dayanarak Kungların, Shang Sülâlesi’nin kuzeybatısında, bugünkü İç Moğolistan’ın He-t’ao adlı yerinde Tu’lar ise Shangların kuzeybatısında veya kuzeyinde olması gerektiğini, bugünkü Shan-hsi eyaletinin kuzeyinde oturduğunu ileri sürmüştür. <br />Bu iki Proto-Türk kavmi, Shangların başkentine ortalama beşyüz kilometrelik mesafededir.14 Kung ve T’u kavmi, Kui-fanglara göre Shanglara yakındır. Yani bugünkü Shan-hsi eyaletinin kuzeyinde ve İç Moğolistan’ın kuzeyindeki büyük yaylada yaşayan kuvvetli iki kavimdir.15 Chou Sülâlesi döneminde (M.Ö. ll.yy.- 256) <br />Chouların kuzeybatısında Proto-Türk oldukları kabul edilen Hung-yi, Hsun-yü, Hsien-yün, Ch’uan-jung, Jung ve Lu-hung-jung, Li-jung, Chiang-jung ve Li gibi kavimler bulunmaktadır.16<br /><br /><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Hung-yilerin diğer adı K’un-yi</b> idi. Onlar Chou-ların lideri Ku-kung T’an-fu döneminde (M.Ö. 12. yüzyıl) Shan-hsi eyaletinin kuzeybatısında yaşıyorlardı.17 <br />Hung-yilere, Ch’ün-chiu döneminde(M.Ö.770-481) <b>Ch’uan-jung (Köpek Jung)</b>, Muharip Devletler döneminde(M.Ö. 481-220) ise <b>“Ti”</b> deniliyordu.18 <br />Hsia dönemindeki (M.Ö. 22.-17. yüzyıllar) Ch’uan-yiler, Shang döneminin son zamanlarında Hung-yi adıyla ortaya çıkmışlardı. Proto-Türk kavmi olan Hung-yiler, Bambu Üzerine Yazılmış Tarih Yazıtları adlı esere ve Wang-kuo-wei’nin araştırma sonuçlarına göre M.O. 1081 senesinde Chouların batısında oturmuşlardır. Bu kavim,M.O. 1081-1025 yılları arasında Chouluar ile yapılan savaşlar sonucunda,Çin’in kuzeybatısına hattâ kuzeydoğusuna göç ederek gittiği bölgelerdeki diğer kavimler ile (Eski Türkler ve Moğollar) kaynaşmışlar, daha sonrada bir başka kavim adı ile tarih sahnesine çıkmışlardır.19</p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Hsün-yüler</b>, kuzeydeki Tiler ile aynı kavim olup,daha sonra ortaya çıkacak olan Hunlar ile de aynı kavimdir.20 Shih-chi adlıkitabın Beş İmparator Tezkeresinde: “Sarı İmparator, Hsün-yüleri kuzeye kovmuştur” diye yazılmaktadır.21 Aynı eserin Hunlar tezkeresinde ise“İmparator Yao ve Yü dönemlerinden (Hsia Sülâlesi’nden önceki rivayetlerde bahsedilen hükümdarlar) evvel, kuzeyde Shan-junglar (Dağjungları),Hsien-yünler ve Hsün-yüler yaşıyordu” diye yazılmaktadır.22 Han SülâlesiTarihi (M.Ö. 206- M.S. 220) adlı eserde de aynı kayıt yer almaktadır. Hsün-yülerin yaşadığı bölgeler hakkında yukarıda yararlandığımız kaynaklara göre, Çin’in kuzey bölgelerinde oturdukları ortaya çıkmaktadır; ancak sözkonusu kuzey bölgesinin neresinde oturdukları hakkında kesin bir bilgi kaydedilmemiştir. <br />Bazı araştırmacılara göre Hsün-yüler, Çin’in He-pei (SarıNehrin kuzeyi) ve He-nan (Sarı Nehrin güneyi) eyaletlerinin kuzeyinde yaşadıklarını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bazı araştırmacılara göre de Hsün-yüler,He-pei ve Shan-hsi (Dağın batısı) eyaletinin güneyinde yine bazı araştırıcılara göre ise, Hsün-yüler, Shân-hsi (Shan adlı yerin batısı) ve Shan-hsi(Dağın batısı) eyaletlerinin batı tarafındaki bölgelerde yaşamışlardır.23 Eğer yukarıdaki iddialar doğru ise Hsün-yülerin bugünkü Çin’in orta kısmında yaşadığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak Wang-kuo-wei’nin araştırmasına dayanırsak Çin’in orta kısmının, Hsün-yülerin saldırı düzenlemek için gittiği bölgeler olup, aslında Hsün-yülerin bugünkü Kan-su ve Shan-hsi eyaletlerinde ve İç Moğolistan bölgelerinde, yani Çin’in kuzeybatı bölgelerinde yaşadıkları ortaya çıkmaktadır..24 Bu açıklamalara göre Hsün-yü ve yaşadığı bölgeler aynıdır. Sadece, saldırı düzenlediği zamanlarda Çin bölgelerine girseler de asıl oturdukları bölgeler Çin’in kuzeybatı taraflarıdır. </p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Hsien-yünler</b>, Chou döneminde (M.Ö. 1027-782)faaliyet göstermiştir. Tarihî kayıtlarda, Hsien-yünlerin nerede oturduğu ile ilgili açık kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Ancak bazı kayıtlara dayanarak onların nerede oturduklarını tahmin edebiliriz.Shih-chin (Klasik Şiirler) adlı kitapdaki Liuh-yüeh (Haziran) adlı şiiregöre Choular, Hsien-yünleri, T’ai-yüan (Shan-Hsi eyaletinin T’ai-yüan şehri) adlı yerden kovmuştur.25 Diğer Pu-chi-tung adlı tunç yazıtına göre Hsien-yünlerin kuzeydeki Luo (Shan-hsi eyaletinin kuzey doğusunda) adlı yerde oturuyorlardı.26 Bu kaynaklara göre, Hsien-yünler, Shan-hsi veShân-hsi eyaletlerinin arasında oturuyorlardı.</p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Ch’üan-junglar (Köpek Junglar)</b>’ın oturduğu bölgeler de açık yazılmamıştır. Fakat Mu-t’ien-tzu Tezkeresi (Mu Imparato-ru’nun Tezkeresi) adlı eserde: “İmparator Mu, kuzeydeki Ch’üan-junglara sefer yaptı. Yenilgiye uğrayan Ch’üan-junglar Tang-yang Nehri’nin (Shan-hsi eyaletindeki Tang-he nehri) güneyinde, imparator Mu’yu ağırladı” diye yazılmaktadır.27 Bu kaynağa göre Ch’üan-junglar, Shan-hsi eyaletindeki Tang-he Nehri’nin civarında yaşıyor olmalılar. Junglar, Kuzey Junglar ve Batı Junglar diye ikiye ayrılırken Kuzey Jung-lar, eski Proto-Türk tipi, Batı Junglar ise daha çok Tibet unsuru taşımaktadır. Batı Jungların içinde Türk unsuru taşıyan bazı Junglar da vardır. Proto-Türk tipindeki Kuzey Jungluların oturduğu bölge hakkında Erkin, bugünkü Çin’in, Shan-hsi, Kan-su eyaletlerinin kuzeybatısında olduğunuileri sürmektedir.28</p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olduğu kabul edilen Lu-hung-junglar,</b> ilk olarak bugünkü Kan-su’nun Tun-huang adlı bölgesinde yaşamışlar, daha sonra He-nan’ın Lu-hung bölgesine taşınmalarıyla Lu-hung-jung adını almışlardır.Lu-hung-junglar, M.O. 637 senesinde, Ch’in ve Chin adlı iki derebeyliğinsıkıştırmasıyla Yi-ch’uan (Yi Nehri) adlı yere taşınmışlardır.29 Yi-ch’üanbugünkü He-nan eyaletinin Yi Nehri civarında olup, bu bölgenin günümüzdeki adı Lu-hung’dur. Onların oturdukları bölge dağın kuzeyinde olduğu için Ym-jung (Kuzey Jung) da denilmiştir.30 Tso-chuan’a göre, Lu-hung-junglar, Yun soyadlı Junglardan olup, çok eskiden Ch’in ve Chin devletlerinin arasında yaşamışlardır.31 M.O. 605 senesinde Ch’u devleti (bugünkü He-pei ve Hu-nan eyaletinin kuzeyinde)Lu-hung-jungların bölgesini işgal edince bir grup Lu-hung-junglar, Chin devletine esir olup Chiu-chou adlı yere yerleşmişlerdir.32</p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Li-junglar</b>, günümüzdeki Çin’in Shan-hsi eyaletindeki Lin-tung bölgesinde yer alan Li-shan dağlarının civarında yaşamışlardır. Li-junglar, Batı Chou döneminde (M.Ö. 1027-771), kuzeydengelerek buraya yerleşmişlerdir.33</p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Chiang-junglar</b>, Proto-Türk kavmi olan Lu-hung-junglar ile aynı bölgede, yani Tung-huang’da yaşamışlardır.34</p><p><b style="background-color: #04ff00;">Proto-Türk kavmi olan Tiler</b>, a) Kuzey Tiler, b) Beyaz Tiler, c) UzunTiler, ve d) Kırmızı Tiler diye ayrılmaktadırlar. Ma-ch’ang-shou’nun araştırmasına göre, Ti ve Junglar, Hunları oluşturan temel kavimlerdir. Araştırmacı, “Ti” ile “Jung”ların Shang dönemindeki Kui-fang, Choudönemindeki Hsian-yünlerle aynı ırktan olduğunu ileri sürmektedir.35Chou Sülâlesi Tarihi adlı kitabın, Ch’i-hu Tezkiresi’nde şunlar yazılmaktadır: “Ch’i-hu’nun diğer adı Pe-luo-ch’i olup, Chin dönemindeki (265-420)Hunların bir boyu olmalıdır. Bazı kişiler, Ch’i-huların Shan-junglar (DağJungları) ile Kırmızı Tilerin evlatları olduğunu ileri sürerler. Dillerini de Kuzeylilere benzer” diye yazmaktadırlar.36 Ch’ing-Chung-mien’ın kullandığı bir başka kaynağa göre, Ch’i-hular eski Beyaz Tilerin bölgesinde yaşamaktadır.37 Türkiye’de Özkan Izgi, Emel Esin, İbrahim Kafesoğlu, ZekiVelidî Togan gibi bilim adamları Tiler ile ilgili araştırmalar yapmışlardır.38 Proto-Türk kavmi olan Tilerin oturduğu bölge hakkında Zeki VelidîTogan, Umumî Türk Tarihine Giriş adlı kitabında Chavennes, Grjimailo veDe Groot gibi bilginlerin görüşlerine yer vermiştir.Chavennes’e göre Kuzey Çin’de: Shan-hsi eyaletinde Sarı Nehir’in boyunda, onun batısı ve kuzeyine uzanarak ve Çinlilere komşu olarak, M.Ö.’kidevirlerde yaşamış olan kavimlerin kuzeyi, Çin kaynaklarında Ti adı ile,batısı Jung ismi ile adlandırılmıştır.39 Togan’a göre Tiler daha sonra Ting-ling ismiyle bilinen kavimlerin atalarıdır. Grjimailo’ya göre Tiler, M.Ö. 463 senesinde kuzeye göç ederlerken, bir kısmı da M.Ö. 200-85 yılları arasında Selenge Nehri havzası arasında yaşamışlardır. Tiler M.Ö. 85 senesindeHunlar tarafından mağlup edilip kendilerine tâbi edilmiştir. Ting-linglerin(Ti) diğer batıda kalan kısmı aynı senelerde Sırderya ve İrtiş Nehri arasındaki sahaları, yani şimdiki Kazakistan’ı işgal eden büyük bir kavim olarak ortaya çıkmışlardır.40De Groot’a göre, Ti ve Jungların M.Ö. 5. asrın ortasında Moğolistan’ave Türkistan’a göç etmelerinden önceki hayatlarıyla ilgili Çin kayıtlarında şunlar anlatılmaktadır: “Tiler Çin’in kuzey ve batı taraflarında Shan-hsi vilayetinin kuzey ve güneyinde sürekli olarak büyük vilayetlerin sahibi idiler. Çin kaynaklarında Kızıl Tiler en son M.Ö. 588’de, Beyaz Tilerde M.Ö. 453’de zikredilmiştir. Yani Tiler, bu tarihlerden sonra Moğolistanve Türkistan taraflarına göç etmişlerdir.”41Proto-Türk kavmi olan Kuzey Tiler, Çin’in kuzey taraflarında oturdukları için bu adı almışlardır. Çin kaynaklarında Kuzey Tilerin tam olaraknerede oturdukları kaydedilmezken, sürekli Ch’i, Hsin ve Wei memleketlerine saldırı düzenleyerek, bugünkü Çin’in Shan-hsi, He-pei, He-nan eyaletlerine geldikleri yazılmaktadır. Bu saldırılar sonucunda Tiler M.Ö. 661senesinde Hsin memleketini, M.Ö. 660 senesinde ise Wei memleketinintopraklarını ellerine geçirmişlerdi.42 Tiler, YVeileri memleketlerinden kovarlarken, Hsin memleketinin topraklarında M.Ö. 229 Haziran tarihinekadar oturmuşlardı.43 Tiler çok kuvvetli bir topluluk olup, Çin’in orta bölgelerine kadar gidebilmişler ve bu bölgedeki çeşitli derebeylikleri mağlup ederek, topraklarını ellerinden almışlardır.M.Ö. 627 senesinde YVeilere karşı yenik düşen Ti toplumu parçalanıncayerine Beyaz Ti, Uzun Ti ve Kırmızı Tiler ortaya çıkmıştır. M.Ö. 541 senesinin Haziran ayında Chinlerin düzenlediği bir saldırıda Beyaz Tiler mağlup olunca yerine dört tane kabile yani, He-pei eyaletinin Chen-ting bölgesinde yaşamış olan Hsien-yü kabilesi, He-pei eyaletinin Sung-ch’en bölgesindeki Fei kabilesi, He-pei eyaletinin Chin nahiyesindeki Ku kabilesiile Chou-you kabilesi gibi ufak ama kuvvetli toplumlar geçmiştir.Beyaz Ti toplumunun en kuvvetli kavmi olan Hsien-yüler, M.Ö. 774senesinde bugünkü Shân-hsi, Shan-hsi eyaletlerinin arasında yaşadıklarını, Çin kaynakları kaydetmektedir.44 Hsien-yü kavmi Beyaz Ti toplumunun zayıflamasıyla ancak M.O. VI. yüzyıllarda ortaya çıkmış ve diğer üçkabileye önderlik etmişlerdir.45 Daha sonra Proto-Türk kavmi olan buHsien-yüler bazı Fei, Ku ve Chao-you gibi kendi öz kabileleri ile birliktebugünkü He-pei eyaletinin T’ang nahiyesine göç etmiş ve M.Ö. 505 senesi civarında, Chung-shan devletini kurmuşlardır.46 </p><p>Proto-Türklerin kurduğu Chung-shan devleti M.O. 295 senesinde Chaoların saldırısı sonunda yok edilmiştir.</p><p>M.O. 628 yılında Ti toplumu parçalanarak Beyaz Ti ve Kırmızı Ti diye ikiye ayrılınca, Uzun Tiler, önce Kırmızı Tilere bağlı, daha sonra ayrılarak bağımsız bir toplum olmuştur. Uzun Tilerin oturduğu bölgehakkında Çin kaynaklarında bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak, onların sürekli savaştığı yerlere bakacak olursak, He-nan eyaleti yakınlarında olduğunu tahmin edebiliriz.Proto-Türk kavmi olan Wei soyadını taşıyan Kırmızı Tilerin çoğu genellikle Shan-hsi eyaletinde yaşıyordu. Bu topluluğa ait kavimler, Shan-hsi eyaletinin değişik yörelerinde yaşamaktaydılar. Mesela, Tung-shan Kou-luo kavmi Shan-hsi eyaletinin Hsi-yan ve He-shun bölgesinde, Lu kavmiLu-ch’en bölgesinde, Liu-yü kavmi Tung-hu bölgesinde, Chia kavmi He-pei eyaletinin Ch’ü-chou nahiyesinde, Tuo-ch’en kavmi Shan-hsi eyaletinin Pin-shun ve He-nan eyaletinin arasında yaşamışlardır.47<br />Proto-Türk kavimleri, Han Sülâlelesi dönemlerine gelince (M.O.206-220) Çin topraklarında da görülmeye başlamıştır. Son Han Sülâlesi Tarihi (M.S. 25-220) adlı esere göre, bu dönemde, Çin’in güney bölgesi dışında, Çin topraklarında genellikle “Jung” ve “Ti”ler oturuyorlardı.48Eski Türk kavimleri olan Jung ve Tiler küçük topluluklar halinde Çintoprağının diğer bölgelerine de yerleşince, Çin kaynaklarında bunları obölgenin adıyla adlandırmışlardı. Lu-hung-junglar aslında bugünkü Kan-su eyaletinin Tung-huang bölgesinde yaşamakta idi. Junglular He-nan eyaletinin Yi-ch’üan bölgesinin Lu-hung nahiyesinde yerleşmişler. BöyleceLu-hung-jung adı ile adlandırılmışlardır.49 Chiang-jung ile Ying-junglarınasıl yerleri Lu-hung-junglar gibi Tung-huang bölgesi idi. Sonra He-nanEyaleti’nin Sun ve Shan nahiyesine yerleşmişlerdi,50 Li-junglular kuzeyden bugünkü Shan-shi eyaletindeki Li Dağı’nın güneyine yerleşmişlerdi.51 Yong-chü, Ch’üan-kao ve Yi-tuo junglar kuzeyden bugünkü Shan-hsive He-nan eyaletlerinin arasına yerleşmişlerdi.52 Ta-li Junglar kuzeydengelerek, bugünkü Shan-shi eyaletinin Yen-an bölgesine (eski adı Ta-li) yerleşmişlerdi.53Shih-chi adlı kitaba göre, Chin Devleti’nin (M.Ö. 1024-369) hükümdarı Wen-kung döneminde (M.Ö. 636-627) Kırmızı Tiler ile Beyaz Tiler, He-nan ve He-pei eyaletlerine yerleşmişlerdi.54 Kırmızı Tilere ait olan Jung-shan-kao-luo kavmi, bugünkü Shan-hsi eyaletinin Hsi-yang nahiyesininTung-shan Kao-luo kasabasında oturmuşlardı.5S Chiang-kao-ju kavmi daha önce Shan-hsi eyaletinin batısında yaşayıp, daha sonra He-pei eyaletinin ve He-nan eyaletinin arasında yaşamışlardır.56 Beyaz Tilere ait olanHsien-yü büyük bir toplum olup, çok geniş bir bölgede yani He-pei eyaletinin Sung-ch’eng nahiyesinde yaşamışlardır.57Fei kavmi, He-pei eyaletinin Sung-ch’eng nahiyesinde, Ku kavmi iseHe-pei eyaletinin Chin nahiyesinde yaşamışlardı.58Proto-Türk kavmi olan Tiler sadece Huang-he (Sarı Nehir) Nehri civarında değil, Kore yarımadasına kadar uzanan bölgelerde yaşamışlardı.Görüldüğü gibi, Tiler, Çin’in kuzey bölgesinde yerlilerle karışık olarak yaşadıkları gibi, Chou Imparatorluğu’nun kuzey ve batısında da yaşamışlardı.59Yukarıda sıraladığımız kronolojiye göre, Proto-Türk kavimleri döneminin çok kuvvetli toplulukları olup, bugünkü Kan-su, Shan-hsi, He-nan,He-pei hattâ Shan-tung eyaletlerine hâkim olmuş ve Çin’in orta bölgelerine yerleşerek zamanla yok olmuşlardır.M.Ö. 318 tarihinde ortaya çıkan ve eski Proto-Türklerin yerini alanHunların nerede yaşadığı hakkında somut belge bulunmamaktadır. Hunhükümdarının otağı ve Hun beyliklerinin sahip olduğu bölgelerin esas olarak nerede olduğunu da araştırarak, M.Ö. Hunların yurdunu tespit etmeye çalışacağız.Hunlar, Çin kaynaklarınca, ilk defa M.Ö. 318 yılında ortaya çıkışından M.S. 56 yılına kadar Kuzey Asya’da genellikle parlak bir devir geçirmişlerdi. M.Ö. 58 yılında, Hunların Sol Kol bölgesinin hükümdarıChi-hou-shan adlı soylu bir kişinin Hu-han-ye Ch’an-yü (Han Hükümdarı) olarak tayin edilmesiyle Hun topluluğu ikiye ayrılmıştır. Ardından Hun-larda beş hükümdar ortaya çıkmıştır. M.Ö. 54 yılında Hun topluluğundaresmen Kuzey ve Güney diye iki teşkilat kurulmuştur. Kuzey Hunlar, Chi-chi Chânyü’nün önderliğinde eski Hun hükümdarının karargâhını ele geçirirken, Güney Hunlar, Han Sülâlesi’yle anlaşarak Gobi Çölü’nün güneyine yerleşmişlerdir.60 Bu durum M.Ö. Chi-chi Ch’an-yü’nün öldürülmesinekadar devam etmiştir. M.S. 47 yılında Hunlar tekrar ikiye ayrılmışlar, Kuzey Hunlar M.S. 118 yılında Han Sülâlesi’ne teslim olmuş, Güney Hunlarise Han Sülâlesi’nin yok olmasından sonra (220) Çin’in iç bölgelerine kadar gidip, üç tane sülâle kurmuşlardır.61Hunlar önce, He-pei eyaletinin Huai-lai nahiyesinden başlayarak batıya doğru He-pei, Shan-hsi, İç Moğolistan, Shan-hsi gibi eyaletlerin kuzey bölgelerinde, yani Çin Seddi’nin iç ve dış kısmında yer alan kemerşeklindeki bölgelerde yaşamışlardır. Bu kemer bölgenin batısı Kan-su eyaletinin Lung-tung vilayetine kadar uzanır. Güney Hunların hükümdar karargâhı, İç Moğolistan’ın Tokto nahiyesinde idi. Nüfusu da iki yüz otuzyedi bin kadar vardı. Sonra da Çin Seddi’nin iç bölgelerine kadar yerleşerek devletler kurmuş ve yavaş yavaş Çin’in kuzey bölgelerinde asimile olarak tarih sahnesinden kaybolmuştur.62Hunlar, Çin kaynaklarınca ilk defa M.Ö. 318 yılında ortaya çıkmış olan,M.S. 56 yılına kadar Kuzey Asya’da genellikle parlak bir devir geçirmiş,M.S. 56 yılından sonra da Kuzey ve Güney Hunlar diye ikiye ayrılmış idi.M.S. 90-91 yıllarında Han Sülâlesi (M.Ö. 206-M.S. 220) ile iyi ilişkisibulunan Güney Hun topluluğu, işbirliği yaparak Kuzey Hunları mağlupedince, Kuzey Hunlar batıya doğru kaçmış ve daha sonra, IV. yüzyılda Atillaönderliğindeki Avrupa Hunları olarak ortaya çıkmışlardı. Güney Hunlarise, Han Sülâlesi ile yakın bir ilişki içinde bulunmuş, daha sonra Çin Seddi’nin iç bölgelerine kadar gitmişler ve yavaş yavaş Çinlilere asimile olmuşlardır. Bunlar gerçi III.-V. yüzyıllarda Çin toprağında ufak devletler kurmuş olsalar da, Çinlileşen Güney Hun grubu, zamanla kaybolmuştur.Hunlar genel olarak Moğolistan Kan-su, Shan-hsi, Shân-hsi, He-pei eyaletleri ve Doğu Türkistan’da yaşamışlardır.Shih-chi adlı kitaba göre Hunlar, ilk çağlarda Çin Seddi’nin kuzey kısmında yaşamışlardır. Hunların kuzey doğusunda Tung-hu, batısında (yani Kan-su eyaletinin kuzeybatısında) Yüeh-chiler yaşıyorlardı.63 HunlarınSol Kol bölgesi, Çin’in He-pei eyaletinin Yan-ch’in nahiyesinin kuzeyindeki yaylalarda olup,64 günümüz İç Moğolistan’ın doğusu, Liao-ning ve Chi-lin eyaletlerinin batısı ile Moğolistan’ın doğu kısmında oturuyorlardı. SağKol bölgesi ise, Çin’in Shan-hsi eyaletinin Sui-te nahiyesinin kuzeyindeki yaylaların batısında yaşıyor olup,65 günümüzdeki İç Moğolistan’ın batısında Doğu Türkistan’ın Cungar Ovası ile Tarım Ovası’nın kuzeyi veMoğolistan’ın Selenga Nehri’nin batısı gibi birçok yaylalarda oturuyorlardı.Hun hükümdarının ikamet ettiği bölge ise He-pei eyaletinin Wei nahiyesi, İç Moğolistan’ın Tokto nahiyesinin kuzeyinde bir yerdir.66 Tahmini Orhun ve Tuğla Nehri’nin güney kısmında oturuyorlardı.Görüldüğü gibi Hunların genel yurtlarının dışında Hun hükümdarıve sağ, sol kollarının oturduğu yer hakkında yukarıdaki belgelerde kesinbir bilgi bulunmamaktadır.Yine Shih-chi ve Harı-shu adlı kitaplara göre, Hunlar her yılbaşında,tüm beyler Hun hükümdarının karargâhına toplanıp, küçük çapta anmaibadetlerini yapıyor; beşinci ayda Lung-ch’en adlı yerde (veya şehirde) büyük çapta, atalarına, göğe, yere, cinlere, ruhlara ibadet ediyor; sonbaharda, atların semizlediği zamanda ise, Tai-lin adlı yerde (veya ormanda) büyükçapta hayvanlarının ve halkının nüfusunun istatistik işlemlerini yapıyorlardı.67 Bunlara göre Hunlar bir yılda üç ayrı yerde toplanıyorlar, fakatbu üç yerin nerede olduğu hakkında kesin bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır.Shih-chi ve Han-shu adlı kitaplara göre, Hun hükümdarı Me-tu68 (Mete) kuzeyindeki Ting-ling ve Ke-k’ung gibi beş devleti mağlup ederek, onları kendi hâkimiyeti altına almışlardır.69</p><p><i><span style="font-family: times;">68 Mo-tu: Mo-tu (P-M.O. 174) şimdiye dek yapılan çalışmalarda önce Mete, daha sonra iseMao-tun olarak okunması ileri sürülenHun hükümdarıdır. Ancak, “Maotun” ise Mo ile tu’-dan oluşan iki Çince idiogramın Çağdaş Çince ile okunuşudur. Klasik Çince sözlük olanK’ang-hai sözlüğünde ise bu iki karakterin okunuşuna getirilen açıklamada, çağdaş Çinceolan Mao idiogramının Mo diye tun idiogramının da tu olarak okunduğu kaydedilmiştir (K’ang-hai, 1984: 1401). T’ang Sülâlesi devrinde yaşamış olan Sau-ma-cheng adlı bilgin de,Shih-chi üzerine araştırma yaparken, Mao karakterinin Mo diye okunduğunda doğru olacağını ileri sürmüştür. Çinlilerin B ile başlayan isimlerini, genellikle M ile değiştirdiği göz-önüne alınırsa Hun hükümdarı Mo-tu’nun aslında B ile başlayan T’ang Sülâlesi’ adı kitabınUygurlar Tezkiresi’nde bilgi verirken şunlar kaydedilmektedir: “Kırgızlar Yılbaşı için mao-shih-ai diyorlar” (Hsin-Tang-ahır, 1995: 6147). Yılbaşı, bir yılın baş ayı olduğuna göre Mao-shih-ai da baş aydan başka bir şey değildir. Bu gibi örnekler çoğaltılabilir.Çinliler Birmanya için Mien-tien, Bangladeş için Meng-çhia-lao, Tay-lan’ın başkenti olanBangok için de Man-gu demektedirler. Klasik Çince Sözlük olan K’ang-hsi sözlüğünde isebu iki karakterin okunuşuna açıklama yaparak Mao karakterinin “Mo” diye okunduğunu,tun karakterinin ise “tu” diye okunduğunu yazmaktadır (K’ang-hsi, 1984: 1401). Tang Sülâlesi devrinde yaşamış olan Ssu-ma-cheng da, Shih chi adlı kitap üzerine araştırma yaparkenMao karakterinin Mo diye okunduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Ssu-ma-ch’ien, 1975: 2889).</span></i></p><p> Bilindiği gibi Ting-lingler OrhunUygurlarının atası olup, Baykal Gölü’nün güney doğusunda, Ke-kunglarise Kırgızların atası olup, Yenisey bölgesinde yaşamakta idiler.70 Yani Hunhükümdarı Me-tu döneminde, Hunlar, Yenisey ve Baykal Gölü’nün güneyinde yaşamakta idiler. III. ve IV. yüzyılda yazılan San-kuo-chi (Uç Sülâleler Tarihi) adlı kitapta Ho-te, Chien (ke)-k’ung ve Ting-ling gibi üçmemleketin, Hun hükümdarı karargâhının bulunduğu An-hsi Nehri’ne(suyuna) yedibin Li (2175 m) uzaklıkta oturdukları yazılmaktadır.71 An-hsi Nehri, aynı zamanda An-hou Nehri olup, bildiğimiz Orhun Nehridir.72Hou-Han-shou (İkinci Han Sülâlesi Tarihi, M.S. 25-220) adlı kitapta kaydedilen belgeye göre 85 yılında Güney Hunlar, Hsien-piler arasındaki (kuzeyde) Ting-lingler, Batı bölgelerindekiler (Türkistan) ile birlikte KuzeyHunlara hücum edince Kuzey Hunlar uzağa kaçmışlardır.73 Güney Hunlar, bu başarısından dolayı Han Sülâlesi imparatoriçesine mektup göndererek, övgüyle bahsetmiştir. Mektuba göre Kuzey Hunlarm kaçmasındakisebep, onların Güney Hunlar, Hsien-piler ve Ting-linglerden korkmasından ileri geliyordu. Kaçan Kuzey Hunlar, An-hou Nehri’nin (Orhun Nehri) batısına gidip yerleşmişlerdir.74 Yani Kuzey Hunlar, Orhun Nehricivarından batıya doğru kaçmışlardır.Yukarıda yapılan araştırmamıza göre Hun hükümdarının karargâhı,Orhun Nehri etrafında olup, Sağ ve Sol kollarının da onun doğu ve batı bölgelerinde olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Böylece Hunların küçük çapta düzenledikleri yılbaşı şölenlerinin düzenlendiği Hun hükümdarı karargâhının yeri ortaya çıkmaktadır.Liao Sülâlesi Tarihi (907-1211) adlı kitapta yer alan Hunların otağı ileilgili bir belgede: “Ağustos ayında Ch’an-yü’nün memleketine (Hun hükümdarı karargâhı) ulaştık; iki gün sonra Uygurların şehrine (Karabalga-sun) ulaştık; dört gün sonra Tai-lin adlı yere ulaştık ve güneşe ibadet ettik”diye bahsedilmektedir.75 Buna göre Karabalgasun şehrinin kuzeydoğusunda, iki günlük uzaklıkta Hun hükümdarının karargâhı vardır. Hunlarınsonbaharda toplanıp, hayvanlarının sayısını ve halkının nüfusunun istatistik işlemlerinin yapıldığı yer ise karargâhın batısındadır. Yani sekiz günuzaklıkta bulunan Tai-lin adlı yerdir.Bunun üzerine araştırma yapan Ma-ch’ang-shou, Hun hükümdarınınkarargâhının Orhun Nehri’nin doğusundaki Ko-sho-tsaidam Nor’un yanında olduğunu, Hunların beşinci aylarda ibadet etmek için toplandığıyerin Lung-ch’eng (Ejder şehri) olduğunu ve onun batısındaki Tai-lin iseTa-mir Nehri’nin yanında olduğunu iddia etmiştir.76 Ayrıca, Ting-chien;Hunlar dahil Tabalar, Juan-juanlar, Göktürkler, Sır Tarduşlar, Uygurlarve Moğolların genellikle Tamir’i merkezî karargâh yaptıklarını ileri sürmüştür.77Yukarıdaki incelemeye göre, Hun hükümdarının karargâhı, OrhunNehri’nin doğusundaki Ko-sho-tsaidam Gölü’nün civarında olup, batıyadoğru, ortada Karabalgasun şehri, daha batısında Tai-lin yani Tamir Nehri bulunmaktadır.Shih-chi adlı kitaba göre Hunlar, her yılı Hun hükümdarının karargâhı olan Lung-cheng ve Tai-lin adlı yerlerde törenlerini yapmaktadırlar. Ayrıntılı olarak üç bölgeden bahsedildiğine göre, bu üç bölgenin yeri ayrıolmalıdır. Yani Hun hükümdarının karargâhı olan Ko-shou-tsaidam Gölü’nün civarında ise, Lung-cKeng Karabalgasun’da olduğu tahmin etmekteyiz.Tai-lin adlı Hun karargâhının da Tamir Nehri’nin civarında olduğunu tahmin etmekteyiz. Bu tahminlerimiz yerinde ise Hunların idare ettiği merkezî bölgesi açıkça ortaya çıkmış bulunmaktadır.75 </p><p>Hun tarihinde Hun beylerinin de özel arazilerinin bulunduğunu görmekteyiz. Çin kaynaklarına göre bu beyler, onaltı bölgede ikamet etmişlerdir.Hunların devlet yapısında hâkimiyet, hükümdara bağlı Sağ ve Sol Bilge Beyi, Sağ ve Sol Ku-li(kolu), Sağ ve Sol Büyük General, Sağ ve Sol Tuwei(komutan), Sağ ve Sol Tang-hu ile Sağ ve Sol Ku-tu (kutlu) Beyi olarak ayrılmıştır. Sağ ve Sol Bilge Beyi (prensler üstleniyorlardı)’nden Tang-hu’yakadar, sahip olan askerler onbinden bine kadardır. Toplam yirmidört bölük olup, hepsine “onbin atlı asker başı” adını vermiştir. Yirmidört bölüğün altında binbaşı, yüzbaşı, onbaşı, küçük beyler, vezirler, generaller,komutanlar, Tang-hular ve Ch’ien-ch’ü gibi askerî, memurî ve kavim liderleri gibi unvanlar vardır. Bunların hepsinin ayrı ayrı sahip olduğu bölgeleri vardır.78 Bunların hepsi, Büyük Toy’a bağlı olarak savaş ve törenlerinyapılacağı zaman sahip oldukları bölgelerden hükümdarın otağına çağrılıyorlardı.79 Kaynaklar yetersiz olduğu için yukarıda adı geçen mevki sahibi kişilerin özel bölgeleri hakkında inceleme yapılamamaktadır. AncakHun imparatorluğuna bağlı olan bazı beylerin bölgeleri tespit edilebilmektedir. Böylece, Hunların gerçek sahip olduğu yurdu konusunda birbilgiye sahip olmak mümkündür.1.<br /><b>1. Hunların Hung-ye Beyi ile Hsiu-t’u Beyin Bölgesi: </b>Bugünkü Kan-su eyaletinin kuzeybatısındaki He-hsi koridorunun civarında olup, eskidenYüeh-ch’i ve Wu-sun gibi göçebe kavimler yaşıyordu. Hun hükümdarı Mo-tu (Mete, M.Ö. 209-174) ile oğlu Lao-shang (M.Ö. 174-161) bu bölgeye saldırmışlardır. Yüeh-ch’iler önce Isık Göl ve İli Nehri’nin arasında yaşayanSailerin (Sak, İskit?) bölgesine yerleşmiş, sonra Wu-sunların öç alan taarruzuyla batıya doğru Baktra bölgesine kaçarak, oraya hâkim olmuşlardır.80Hunlar boşalmış olan Kan-su eyaletinin kuzeybatısına sahip çıkarak,Hung-ye Beyi ve Hsiu-t’u beylerini buraya tayin etmiştir. M.O. 121 yılında,Hunların Hung-ye Beyi, Han Sülâlesi ordusunun saldırmasıyla yenilgiyeuğramıştır. Bu yenilgi Hun hükümdarını çok kızdırmıştır. Bu sorumluluktan kaçan Hung-ye Beyi, Hsiu-t’u Bey’ini öldürerek Han Sülâlesi’ne teslim olunca bu bölge, Han Sülâlesi’nin idaresi altına girmiştir.81 Bu savaşta Han Sülâlesi ordusu bin Li (tahminen 2 Li = 1 km.) mesafeyi aşarak Hun Beylerini mağlup etmiştir.82 Buna göre, Hun-ye Beyi’nin bölgesi epey büyük olmalıdır.78 </p><p><b>2. Hunların Li-yü ile Wen-ou-t’u Beylerin Bölgesi:</b> Li-yü ile Wen-ou-t’u Beyleri, Hung-ye Beyi’nin bölgesinin kuzeyindeki büyük alanlarda yaşamaktadırlar. M.Ö. 78 yılında Hun Hükümdarı Hu-yen-ti (M.Ö. 85-68), Li-yü Beyi’ni Hung-ye Beyi’nin kaybettiği yerleri, yani Kan-su eyaletinin kuzeybatısındaki toprakta bulunan Han Sülâlesi ordusunun durumunu öğrenmek için göndermiştir. Bu bölgedeki Han Sülâlesi ordusunun zayıfolduğunu öğrenen Hunlar, kaybettiği toprağı geri almayı planlamıştır. Fazla zaman geçmeden Hunların Sağ Bilge Beyi ile Li-yü Bey’i birlikte bu bölgeye saldırmışlar, fakat mağlup olmuşlardır.83 Bu kaynağa göre, Li-yüBeyi’nin bölgesi, Hung-ye Beyi’nin eski bölgesine yakındır. Yani Hung-yeBeyi’nin kuzeyinde olmalıdır. M.Ö. 8 yılında Han Sülâlesi Hükümdarı, Li-yü Beyi’nin bölgesinde yetişen bir çeşit ağaçtan iyi ok yapılabileceğini öğrenince, Vezir YVang-keng’in bu bölgeyi ele geçirmesini istemiştir. Hunla-rın hükümdarı Wu-chu-liu-nou-ti (M.Ö. 8-M.S. 13) bu bölgenin Wen-ou-t’uBeyi’nin bölgesi olduğunu ve Hunların atasının yeri olduğunu söyleyerek,Han Sülâlesi hükümdarının isteğini reddetmiştir.84 Buna göre, Li-yü Bey’-den sonra bu bölge, Wen-ou-t’u Beyi’ne verilmiştir.<br /><b>3. Hunların Ku-hsi Beyi’nin Bölgesi: </b>Ku-hsi Bey’in bölgesi Hunlarındoğusunda olup, Çin’in kuzeydoğusunda bulunan Chi-lin ve Liao-ning eyaletleri ile Moğolistan’ın doğusu gibi bölgelerinin arasındadır. M.Ö. 58 yılında Hunların doğusunda bulunan Wu-huan kavmi Hunların Sol BölgeBeyi Ku-hsi’ye saldırmış ve birçok Hun halkını da kaçırmıştır. Hun hükümdarı Wu-yen-ch’ü-ti (M.Ö. 58-56) bu duruma çok kızmış ve Ku-hsi Beyi’ne ceza vermek istemiştir. Ku-hsi Beyi bu endişeden dolayı, Sol Bölge’debulunan soylularla anlaşarak soylu olan Chi-hou-shan’ı Hun hükümdarıolarak seçmiştir. Hun Hükümdarı olarak seçilen Hu-han-ye (M.Ö. 58-31)kırk-elli bin ordusuyla birlikte asıl Hun Hükümdarı Wu-yen-ch’ü-ti (M.Ö.60-58)’ye saldırmış ve başarmıştır. Böylece Hunlar Güney ve Kuzey olarakikiye ayrılmıştır.85 Hunların Sol Bölgesi’nde kırk-elli bin asker olduğunagöre, Ku-hsi Bey’in sahip olduğu alan da çok büyük olmalıdır.<br /><b>4. Hunların Sol Li-yü Beyi olan Hsien’ın Bölgesi:</b> Bu bölge bugünküİç Moğolistan’ın Tokto nahiyesinin kuzeyindedir. M.Ö. 78 yılında yukarıda adı geçen Li-yü Beyi Han Sülâlesi tarafından saldırılarak öldürüldükten sonra, bu unvanı Hsien adlı bir soyluya vermiştir. Bu sırada Hunlar,Wu-haun kavmine saldırarak birçok mal ve binden fazla Wu-huanları esir83 almıştır. M.S. 9 yılında Han Sülâlesi’ni devreden Wang-mang (9-23) Hun-lara elçi göndermişti. Elçiler dönüşünde Sol Li-yü Bey’in bölgesinden geçerken eskiden yakalanan Wu-huanları görmüşlerdir. Buna göre Li-yüBey’in bölgesi, Çin’in kuzeydoğusunda yaşayan Wu-huan kavmi ile yakınbir yerde olmalıdır. M.S. 11 yılında Han Sülâlesi’ni deviren hükümdarWang-mang, Hunları onbeşe bölerek, onbeş Hun hükümdarı tayin etmeye çalışmıştır. Gönderdiği elçi ve tercümanlar Yun-chung bölgesine (İç Moğolistan’ın Tokto nahiyesinin kuzeyinde) giderek, Sol Li-yü Beyi ilegörüşmüştür.86 Buna göre Sol Li-yü Beyi Moğolistan’ın Tokto nahiyesininkuzeyinde, hem de Wu-huan kavmiyle yakın bölgede oturuyorlardı.<br /><b>5. Hunların Jih-cKu Beyi’nin Bölgesi:</b> Jih-cKu Beyi’nin oturduğu bölge Hunların batısında olup, günümüz Doğu Türkistan’ın kuzeydoğusu ile komşudur. <br />M.O. 92 yılında Hun hükümdarı Hu-lu-ku (M.O. 96-85), ölen Sol Bilge Beyi’nin oğlunu, Jih-chu Beyi olarak tayin etmiştir.87 Han Sülâlesi Tarihi adlı kitabın Batı Bölge Tezkeresi’ne göre, Hunların batı bölgeleri Jih chu Beyliği’ne verilmiştir. Jih-chu Beyi Hsi-yü yani (Batı BölgesindeDoğu Türkistan) vergilerini toplamak için Doğu Türkistan’ın Korla ve Karaşehir’de karargâh kurmuştur. M.O. 58 yılında Jih-chu Beyi Hun Hükümdarına ihanet ederek, adamlarıyla birlikte Han Sülâlesi’ne tâbi olmuş ve Hunlar gibi, Doğu Türkistan’da da karargâh kurmuşlardır.88<br /><b>6. Hunların Doğu P’u-lieh Beyi’nin Bölgesi: </b>Hunların Doğu P’u-lieh Beyi’nin Bölgesi, Doğu Türkistan’ın Cungar Ovası’nın güneybatısındadır.M.Ö. 60 yılında Hunların Doğu P’u-lieh (P’u-lieh, bugünkü Doğu Türkistan’daki Barköl’dür) Bey’i binyediyüz adamıyla Han Sülâlesi’nin DoğuTürkistan bölge komutanına teslim olmuştur. Ve Doğu Türkistan’daki Ch’e-shih memleketinin (Turfan bölgesinde) batısındaki Wu-t’an-tzu-li memleketine yerleştirmiştir.89 Wu-t’an-tzu-li memleketi, Wu-sunların (İli bölgesi) doğusu, Chi’eh-mi memleketinin (Urumçi’nin kuzeybatısı) kuzeyi veCh’an-huan memleketinin (Urumçi’nin kuzeydoğusu) batısındadır.90 Doğu P’u-lieh Beyi önce Barköl bölgesinde idi, daha sonra Cungar Ovası’-nın güneybatısına yerleşmişlerdir.<br /><b>7. Hunların Ou-chi’en Beyi’nin Bölgesi:</b> Ou-chi’en Beyi’nin bölgesi,Baykal Gölü’nün civarındadır. M.Ö. 100 yılında Han Sülâlesi elçisi Su-wu, Hunlara gitmiş ve Hunlar tarafından esir alınarak Baykal Gölü’ne sürgün86 edilmiştir. Hun Hükümdarı Ch’ieh-ti-hou’nun kardeşi olan Ou-chi’en Beyi de adamlarıyla Baykal Gölü’ne gelmiştir. Ou-chi’en Beyi, Su-wu’yu çoksevmiş ve yiyecek ile giyeceklerini vermiştir. Uç sene sonra Ou-chi’en Beyi hastalanmış ve daha sonra ölmüş, halkları ise geri dönmüştür.91 Bunagöre, Ou-chi’en Beyi, Baykal Gölü civarına tayin edilmiş, öldükten sonra halkları da geri dönmüşlerdir.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5492363547307043977.post-54020606130677703762009-02-05T12:15:00.001-08:002009-02-09T10:12:57.472-08:00çeşitli adresler<table style="border-width: 0pt; border-collapse: collapse;" id="AutoNumber1" border="1" bordercolor="#111111" cellspacing="0" width="700"><tbody><tr><td style="border-style: none; border-width: medium;" width="100%"><marquee style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase;" bgcolor="#ffff00">Página provisória</marquee> <table bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" bordercolorlight="#FFFFFF" style="border-collapse: collapse;color:#d66783;" bg border="2" border cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" height="307"> <tbody><tr> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-right-style: none; 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border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="24"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.discoverbodrum.com/Fr/langue.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">Langue turc</span></a></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="24"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">http://www.discoverbodrum.com/Fr/langue.html</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="24"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Francés</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="24"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Conversación, frases, historia, información sobre Turquía.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000000" bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="11"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.persocite.com/Langues/turc.htm"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:#000000;"> Turco</span></a></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="11"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">http://www.persocite.com/Langues/turc.htm</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="11"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Francés</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="11"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Métodos, bibliografía, </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/LeftBank/2967/turcfr.htm#dicos"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">Lengua turca</span></a></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">http://www.geocities.com/Paris/LeftBank/2967/turcfr.htm#dicos</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Francés</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Bibliografía, dónde estudiar, diccionarios, enlaces, bajarse letras turcas para el PC.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000000" bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="22"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.columbia.edu/%7Esss31/Turkiye/literature.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">Lengua turca y literatura</span></a></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="22"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">http://www.columbia.edu/~sss31/Turkiye/literature.html</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="22"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Inglés</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="22"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Enlaces a estos dos temas. Algunos en inglés y otros en turco.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000000" bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:#003399;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkishlanguage.org/turqfr.htm"> <span style="color:#000000;">Lengua turca y Turquía</span></a></span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">http://www.turkishlanguage.org/turqfr.htm</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Francés</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="34"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Posibilidad de verlo en alemán, inglés y turco. Enlaces sobre Turquía y la lengua turca.</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td bordercolor="#000000" bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;" bgcolor="#ffffff" height="23"> <a target="_blank" href="http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/links.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;color:#000000;">Turkish Language</span></a></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="23"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/links.html</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="23"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Inglés</span></td> <td border bordercolorlight="#000000" bordercolordark="#FFFFFF" style="border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px;color:#ffffff;" bg height="23"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Enlaces para el aprendizaje de este idioma.</span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <hr /> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">(These Turkish links were checked and updated on 30 December 2003)</span></p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Language Learning for Foreigners:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/classroom.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"><b> Orientaal's Turkish Class-room</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - online exercises for beginners </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Travlang's <a target="_blank" href="http://www.travlang.com/languages/cgi-bin/langchoice.cgi?lang1=english&lang2=turkish&page=main"> Seyahat edenler için Türkçe</a> - words and expressions with pronunciation </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Turizm.net's <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turizm.net/turkey/info/lesson.html">A mini Turkish language lesson</a> - alphabet, words and expressions </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.onlineturkish.com/vocab.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish Phrase Book</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - extensive list of helpful words and expressions at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.onlineturkish.com/"> Online Turkish.com</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://cali.arizona.edu/maxnet/tur/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">10 Turkish lessons, University of Arizona</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - practical dialogues, word explanation and pronunciation </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.princeton.edu/%7Eturkish/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Nasrettin Hoca Stories, Princeton University</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - word explanation and pronunciation </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mujdat.narod.ru/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçe Öğreniyorum - www.mujdat.narod.ru</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.freewebz.com/turkce/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçe2020</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Online Turkish lessons </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www2.egenet.com.tr/mastersj/learning-practical-turkish--table-of-contents.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Learning Practical Turkish</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - a lucky dip with all kinds of petty facts about the Turkish language </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Eguvenir/CATT/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Computer Aided Turkish Tutor</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - of Bilkent university </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.quia.com/dir/turk/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Quia Turkish</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish Update Leiden Project (TULP)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/tcimo/tulp/htmlles/head/lesframe.htm"> interactieve Turkse teksten</a> - articles with word explanation in Dutch </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.chez.com/yilmaza/mapfr.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">La langue turque: les sujets donnés au baccalauréat</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - downloadable Turkish Language exams from France </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ottomania.dk/turktexts.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish texts</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - short stories with English translation by Johnny Skaaning </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">Discussion group: </span><b><big> <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Turkish-FL/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish-FL</span></a></big></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Forum for Teachers of Turkish as a Foreign Language </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/turkishlearner">Turkishlearner</a> - Yahoogroup for learners of Turkish as a Foreign Language </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Language Learning for Native Speakers:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dilimiz.gen.tr/yanlislar/index.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Türk Dili</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - extensive site on Turkish Language Use, also at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.elele.gen.tr/turk_dili/giris.html">Türk Dili</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ogretmenlersitesi.com/plan/index.asp"><span style="font-size:78%;">Ders Planlar<span lang="tr">ı</span></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ogretmenlersitesi.com/">Türk Öğretmenler Sitesi</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://abece.8k.com/trk.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">İlköğretim Türkçe Sınav soruları</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish exam questions for primary school, at <a target="_blank" href="http://abece.8k.com/"> Öğretmen dünyası</a> </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Dictionaries:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Hazar's <a target="_blank" href="http://www.hazar.com/dictionary.html">English - Turkish <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b>; computer terminology; basic words and expressions</a> - enter the Turkish words without diacritics, eg cok (=çok), gorus (=görüş), bagirmak (=bağırmak) </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nlp.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/Sozluk/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçe Sözlük, Türk Dil Kurumu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - explaining <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b>, use capital letters in stead of diacritics, eg Cok (=çok), gOrUS (=görüş), baGIrmak (=bağırmak) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/imla/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> İmla kılavuzu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - spelling guide of Türk Dil Kurumu </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Eguvenir/CATT/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Turkish-English, English-Turkish <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">Dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - small <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b> of CATT </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ripe.net/home/engin/italyan.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> İtalyanca-Türkçe Sözlük</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - by Engin Gündüz </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.interlingua.com/zip/document.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">Lugatçe Türkçe-İnterlingua</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - downloadable <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b> of the artificial language Interlingua </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ectaco.com/online/diction.php3?lang=1&word=house&direction=1&x=45&y=7"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Ectaco English-Turkish-English <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">Dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.langtolang.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> From language to language</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish-English <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">Dictionary</b>, for verbs only enter the stem </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.logos.it/dictionary/owa/sp?lg=TR"><span style="font-size:78%;">Logos <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">Dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - the word (in any language) you enter, will be translated into 20 languages including Turkish. Clicking on the translation of the word you will obtain contexts for its use </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.seslisozluk.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Sesli Sözlük</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - English-Turkish-English <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu:7037/cgi-bin/TELLsearch.cgi"> <span style="font-size:78%;">TELL, Turkish Electronic Living Lexicon</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://bilgisayaradam.8m.com/Argolar.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Argo sözlüğü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, also <a target="_blank" href="http://www.homepagez.com/argopedya/index.htm">Argopedya</a>: <a target="_blank" href="http://bilgisayaradam.8m.com/Argolar.htm">a</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://6dtr.com/TIP/Sozluk/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Tıp Sözlüğü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> also at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ilacrehberi.com/cgi-bin/sozluk.asp">Tıp Sözlüğü</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.hipokrat.org/hnet/deginme/sozluk/halkdeyisINDEX.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Halk Dilinde Türkçe Sağlık Deyişleri Sözlüğü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bigglook.com/biggmenu/mutfakozluk.asp"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Bigglook - Mutfak Sözlüğü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://acikbas.home.icq.com/m/m07.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Finans Sözlüğü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://dictionaries.travlang.com/turkish.html"> http://dictionaries.travlang.com/turkish.html</a>. Turco-inglês/francês/alemão</span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Turcology:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nlp.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/Turklang/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"The Turkish Natural Language Processing Initiative"</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - centre for Turkish computational linguistics at Bilkent University </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Türk Dil Kurumu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - web site of the Turkish Language "Academy", with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/DER2.html">Türk Dili Dergisi</a> (1 or 2 online articles for each issue) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Türkçeyi doğru yazalım, doğru konuşalım (Prof. Dr. Hamza Zülfikar): <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham002.html">2</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham003.html">3</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham004.html">4</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham005.html">5</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham006.html">6</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham007.html">7</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham008.html">8</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham09.html">9</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham010.html">10</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham011.html">11</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham012.html">12</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham013.html">13</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham014.html">14</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham015.html">15</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham016.html">16</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham017.html">17</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tdk.gov.tr/ham018.html">18</a>, </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;color:#304bcf;"><a target="_blank" href="http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Ara<span lang="tr">ştır</span>malar<span lang="tr">ı</span> Merkezi</span></a></span><a target="_blank" href="http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;"> </span></a></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yahoogroups.com/group/turkoloji/">Türkoloji Haberleşme ve Tartışma Hattı</a> - discussions on Turcology (accessible after subscription) </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkdili.gen.tr/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türk Dili</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> en <a target="_blank" href="http://www.onatan.com/onatan/default.htm">Onatan Uygatlar</a> - a bizarre example of extreme Öztürkçe </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Press:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"><br /></span><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Turkish Press links were checked and updated on December 29, 2003)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.haber.gen.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Haber.gen.tr. Haberciniz</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Daily survey of Turkey's newspapers </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.zaman.com.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Zaman</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/">Sabah</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/">Hürriyet</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/">Milliyet</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com/">Türkiye</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yenisafak.com/index.html">Yeni Şafak</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/">Radikal</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.aksam.com.tr/">Akşam</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.stargazete.com/">Star</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fanatik.com.tr/">Fanatik</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yeniasir.com.tr/">Yeni Asır</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yeniasya.com.tr/">Yeni Asya</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.gunes.com/">Güneş</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.milligazete.com.tr/">Millî Gazete</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.evrensel.net/">Evrensel</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/">Kıbrıs</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yoremiz.com.tr/">Yöremiz</a> - newspapers </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cumhuriyet.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Cumhuriyet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkey's quality newspaper (only with subscription) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.haber-yorum.com/i_kose_yazari.asp"><span style="font-size:78%;">Köşe yazarları</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.haber-yorum.com/"> www.haber-yorum.com</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.anadoluajansi.com.tr/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Anadolu Ajansı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkey's official news agency, click on the news titles </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/default.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">NTVMSNBC</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - News service of <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ntv.com.tr/">NTV</a> - Turkey's number one information channel </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.haberturk.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> HaberTürk</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.haberturk.com/gazete_.asp">front pages of the newspapers</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.belgenet.com/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Belgenet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - documentation about current events in Turkey </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://arama.yore.com.tr/w/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Garildi =Gazete arşivi ve iletişim dizgesi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - searching for articles in Turkish newspaper archives (subscription required) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.thy.com.tr/skylife/index_tr.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Skylife Aylık Magazin</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - magazine of Turkish Airlines with many interesting articles on tourism, culture, history, cuisine, ... </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/dergi/01/default01.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bilim ve Teknik</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - popular scientific magazine, some issues of which are entirely online </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.orkun.com.tr/asp/arsiv.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Orkun</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - nationalist magazine </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.alem.com.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Alem</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - high society news </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ykykultur.com.tr/cogito/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Cogito</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ykykultur.com.tr/kitaplik/">Kitap-lık</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sanatdunyamiz.com/">Sanat Dünyamız</a> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ykykultur.com.tr/">Yapı Kredi Kültür Yayıncılık</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dergibi.gen.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Dergibi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - literary e-magazine </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dergi.org/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Dergi@net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - e-magazine about literature, culture, art and science </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kazete.com.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kazete - Bağımsız Siyasî Kadın Gazetesi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Politics:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Başbakanlık Basın Yayın ve Enformasyon Genel Müdürlüğü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Press Service of the Turkish prime minister, with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/turkhaber/TURKHABER.htm"> Türkhaber</a> - official statements and speeches on the occasion of important events </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - everything about the Turkish Parliament, the transcripts of the debates, the constitution, political parties, ministries,... even <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/ataturk.htm">Atatürk's opening speeches</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cankaya.gov.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site of the Turkish Presidency </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://ataturk.turkiye.org/ktpyuva.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Atatürk kütüphanesi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - numerous documents on Atatürk, excerpts from his speeches Nutuk/Söylev/Speech,... etc. </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://tungategin.tripod.com/anayasal.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Anayasalar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - the text of the Turkish constitutions </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Online Radio and TV:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www2.dw-world.de/turkish"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Deutsche Welle</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">: listen to the newsbulletin in Turkish and read the transcript at the same time </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.voanews.com/turkish"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Voice of America</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">: the news in Turkish </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/turkish"> <span style="font-size:78%;">BBC World Service</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">: the news in Turkish </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.trt.net.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Turkish State Television TRT</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">News Channel <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ntv.com.tr/"> NTV</a>: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/38903.asp">NTV live</a>, with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/36554.asp">transcripts (program metinleri)</a> </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Religion:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - the official Turkish islam with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/pageduy.html">duyurular</a> - press communiqués on the occasion of religious feasts, the pilgrimage to Mecca,... and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.diyanet.gov.tr/diyanet/index1.html">Diyanet Aylık Dergi</a> - magazine </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ahmedbaki.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Allah - Sufism -Islam</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - online religious books by Ahmed Hulusi </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.entellektuelboyut.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Entellektüel boyut</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - by Rahmi Er </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nur.org/indext.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Nur web sayfası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site of the sect of the Nurcular, followers of Said Nursî (1876-1960), with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nur.org/nurmektubu/index.htm">Nur mektubu</a> - weekly e-magazine. See also <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yeniasya.org/">Yeni Asya online</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://kitap.ihlas.net.tr/cgi-bin/cgi.exe?"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kitaplar, ihlas.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - 15 religious books that can be read online </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.enfal.de/m_diyanet_index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kur'an-ı Kerim'in Türkçe meali</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish translation of the Quran </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.menzil.net/hadis"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kütüb-i sitte'den hadisler</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://takvim.ihlas.net.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Türkiye Gazetesi Takvimi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish calendar leaflet of the day, with the 4 different eras, the times of prayer according to two different hour systems, feasts, sayings of the prophet profeet, poems, history, science, religion, etiquette, riddles and puzzles, advice for housekeeping, health, suggestions and recipees for lunch or dinner, names for newborn babies,... </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.isamesih.org/kutsalkitap/yeni_antlasma"><span style="font-size:78%;"> İncil Online</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - the complete New Testament in Turkish translation, interesting to compare it with the translation in your mothertongue </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Literature:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Cumhuriyet's <a target="_blank" href="http://kitap.cumhuriyet.com/w/u00.html">downloadable books</a>, also at <a target="_blank" href="http://garildi.cumhuriyet.com.tr/cucuma/w/">Cumhuriyet Kitap, Salı/Cuma Kitapları</a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.altkitap.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Altkitap, sanal yayınevi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - after becoming a member (for <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">free</b>), you can <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">download</b> and read books in pdf format </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://arzudurukan.www9.50megs.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Küçük Prens</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.lostlibrary.org/anasayfa.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Lost Library</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish science fiction site </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ortadunya.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Orta Dünya</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish Tolkien site </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.konsept.com.tr/serbestdusme/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Serbest Düşme</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.konsept.com.tr/konsept/fikir/fikir.htm">Konsept</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tiyatronline.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tiyatr<b>O</b>nline</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ayrinti.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;">@yrıntı - kültür, sanat, edebiyat</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.siraze.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Siraze.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.aydalga.gen.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> E-kitaplar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - by Ergun Aydalga<a target="_blank" href="http://www.mizan.n3.net/">i</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://edebistan.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Edebistan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.balca.net/hikaye-index.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Balca - Hikâyeler</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bir-damla-hayat">Bir damla hayat</a> - short stories </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Poetry:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/%7Esibel/poetry/index.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçe şiir, Sibel Adalı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - poems of 150 Turkish poets from all periods </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.siirdemeti.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Şiir Demeti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">-</span><span style="font-size:78%;"> 1807 poems by 305 poets </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://antoloji.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Antoloji.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish poetry site </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.siir.gen.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Şiir</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - leftish Turkish poets </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://hasbahca.net/siir/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Hasbahca.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish poetry, songs, marches </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://yhalefoglu.tripod.com/siir.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Şiir ve şairlerimiz</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at the site <a target="_blank" href="http://yhalefoglu.tripod.com/">Yalın sayfalar</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion groups: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/siirpostasi">Şiir postası</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/siirname">Şiirname</a> - for poets and poetry lovers </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Humour:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dehsetfikralar.cjb.net/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Dehşet fıkralar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - 950 jokes in 17 categories </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://members.tripod.com/fikra_2/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Fıkralar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - more than 20 pages with jokes and many links </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion groups: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/mizah">Mizah</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/en_komik">En komik</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tigg-jokes">TİGG-jokes, Türkçe & İngilizce Geyikler Grubu</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/geyiklist">Geyiklist</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ucangeyik">Uçan geyik</a> - read the most recent jokes and stories </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.lazland.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Lazland - Gülmece ve Eğlendirmece Merkezi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.komikaze.net/default.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Komikaze</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - humour and cartoon site </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.grafi2000.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Grafi - İnternet mizah dergisi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - humour and cartoon site<a target="_blank" href="http://members.xoom.com/_XMCM/golebatmaz/newpage302.htm">r</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.coplu.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Turkey in cartoons</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://w1.871.telia.com/%7Eu87109316/index_eng.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Nasreddin Hodja</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Engels language site devoted to Hodja </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/indiana/966/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Üsküdar Karagöz Tiyatrosu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> by Alper Ekler, with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/indiana/966/karne.html">Oğlumun karnesi</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/hayalialpay/tasfirler/1.htm"> Tasfirler</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/indiana/966/1.htm">Karagöz tasfirlerinin tasarlanması</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/indiana/966/dergi.html">Dergi</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://yhalefoglu.tripod.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Yalın sayfalar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - with recordings of sketches by Ferhan Şensoy, Yılmaz Erdoğan, Cem Yılmaz, Zeki Alasya - Metin Akpınar </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Curiosa:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.sikayet.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Şikâyet.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - complaints </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.itiraf.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> İtiraf.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - anonymous confessions </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tabirci.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Tabirci.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - the meaning of dreams </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.yorumcu.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Yorumcu.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - astrology site </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://users.pandora.be/gad/re/turks.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Reinkarnasyon - Bir önceki yaşamınızda kimdiniz?</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilimkurgu2000.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bilimkurgu 2000</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish Science Fiction site </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://19-ondokuz.tripod.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">19</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - the number 19 in the Qur'an </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Science:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilimfeneri.org.tr/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bilimfeneri: Fizik, Kimya, Biyoloji, Matematik, Yer bilimleri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilimutopya.com.tr/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bilim ve Ütopya Dergisi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bilim ve Teknik - Tübitak</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilimtarihi.gen.tr/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bilim Tarihi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Language games:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Eguvenir/CATT/Games/hangman/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Adam asmaca</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - hangman </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.zeka.tesisi.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> IQ, Zeka & İllüzyon</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/7562/zeka/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Zeka testleri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Museum/7562">Akla Ziyan</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tongue Twisters in 59 languages</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/tr.htm">Turkish</a> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Etpayne/lingolym/Turkish.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Question on Turkish</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> for <a target="_blank" href="http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/%7Etpayne/lingolym">The Linguistic Olympics</a> </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">For children:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cocukca.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Çocukça.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site for children with among other things stories and fairy tales </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ada.net.tr/cocuk/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Ada Çocuk</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/members.tripod.com/albaymet1/cocuklar.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Albaymet1 - Çocuklar için Masallar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.afacancocuk.com/ns.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Afacan çocuk</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cizgiroman.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Çizgi roman</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - description of comic strips </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://web.netbul.com/cocuk/oyun.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Oyunlar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - online games for children </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Music:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.melodilerim.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Cep telefonu melodileri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkishmusic.org/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish Music & Voice Library</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.zekimuren.com/sarkilarim.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Şarkılarım</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - songs by Zeki Müren </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://akorlar.turkcemuzik.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçemüzik.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - lyrics and accords for more than 700 songs by more than 150 artists </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.point-center.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Point-Music Center</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - lyrics </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/Arena/7522/html4.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Mesut Seyhanlı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - lyrics ands accords </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.isye.gatech.edu/%7Eertekg/muzik/tsm/tsm.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Beloved Classic Turkish songs</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.isye.gatech.edu/%7Eertekg/muzik/pop/pop.html">Beloved Popular Turkish songs</a> - lyrics and accords </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">History and Culture:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/saraylar/muze.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Milli Saraylar, Köşkler ve Kasırlar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - description of palaces </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.discoverturkey.com/main-t.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Discover Turkey</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site by the Ministry of Culture </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/istanbultr/370/370index.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Güzel İstanbul</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - everything about Istanbul: poetry, literature, music, folklore, history, tourism... </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kimkimdir.gen.tr/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kim kimdir?</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - important persons in Turkish history, politics and culture </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.biyografi.net/kisiler.asp?harf=a"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Biyografi.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://sircasaray.turkiye.org/anadolu/vitrin.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Vitrin</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://sircasaray.turkiye.org/"> Sırça Saray</a> - Turkish culture by Handan Öz </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/suleulgen/turkce1.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Şule Ülgen - Tarihî Türk Evleri Maketleri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - scale-models of traditional Turkish houses </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.daruzziyafe.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Darüzziyafe</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site of the traditional Turkish restaurant in the former imaret of the Süleymaniye mosque </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://interactive.m2.org/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Interactive Museum of Turkey</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Nature and Sports:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tema.org.tr/"><span style="font-size:78%;">TEMA - Türkiye Çöl Olmasın</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site of the organisation to prevent the desertification of Turkey, with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tema.org.tr/turkish/cocukvecevre/cocukvecevre.html">Çocuk ve çevre</a> - Child and environment </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/yelkenciler">Yelkenciler</a> - information for sailors </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ytudak">Ytudak</a> - information for mountaineers </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Health:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bebek.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Bebek.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.raptiye.com/saglik/psikolog.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Raptiye - psikolojik ve cinsel sorunlar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Tourism:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.neredennereye.com/harita/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Nereden Nereye</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - map of Turkey and information about buses, trains, planes and boats </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.gizlicennetler.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türkiye'nin Gizli Cennetleri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkey's Secret Paradises </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.travellingturkey.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Travelling Turkey - Gezi & Hotel Rehberi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.antalya-ws.com/turkce/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Antalya web site</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - everything you want to know about Antalya and its surroundings (also in <a target="_blank" href="http://www.antalya-ws.com/english/">English</a>) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kutav.org.tr/turk/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kuşadası Tanıtma Vakfı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - site of the Kuşadası Promotion Foundation </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://rehber.ibb.gov.tr/scripts/infomap.dll?Name=Rehber&Cmd=Map&super=0&user=&loguser="> <span style="font-size:78%;">İstanbul Kent Planı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - zoom in at any street in Istanbul </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cimko.com.tr/About/Safranbolu.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Safranbolu homepage</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> (in English) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bayburtnet.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Online Bayburt Rehberi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://ortaburun.8m.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Ortaburun Köyü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish Cuisine:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.afiyetolsun.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> www.afiyetolsun.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish culinary site with hundreds of recipees </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/yemek">Yemek</a> - exchanging recipees </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Pictures:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.exploreturkey.com/exptur.phtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Explore Turkey</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - hundreds of splendid pictures of Turkish places of interest and musea </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cimko.com.tr/About/turscen1.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turkey from West to East</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkishodyssey.com/gallery/gallery.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Turkish Odyssey - Images of Turkey</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Lobby/8920/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Homepage of Erhan Tumsa</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkishnews.com/DiscoverTurkey/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Discover Turkey</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Turkey pictures at <a target="_blank" href="http://start.at/travelspot">Ayşe and Jan's Travelspot</a> </span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geop.itu.edu.tr/%7Eonur/nasa/nasa_main.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Photos of Turkey from space</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/Countries/Turkey/">Visible Earth - Turkey</a> - splendid pictures, which can be used as wallpaper </span></span> </li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Webcams:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.alacati.com/live.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Alaçatı Windsurfers' Paradise</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Summer Courses:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tomer.ankara.edu.tr/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">AÜ TÖMER Dil Öğretim Merkezi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tomer.com.tr/anasayfa.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">EKAV TÖMER Dil Öğretim Merkezi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> (İstanbul) </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Practical:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.oanda.com/converter/classic"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Converter</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Turkish liras at the exchange rate of the day </span></span></li></ul> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Searching Turkish sites:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mynet.com.tr/alt/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Mynet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.iyi.net/"> iyi.net</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.arabul.com/">Arabul</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.netbul.com/">Netbul</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turk.net/"> Turk.net</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.adanzye.com/adanzye_ana.asp">A'dan Z'ye</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.saneg.com/">Saneg</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nerede.com/"> www.nerede.com</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.siterehberi.com/">Site Rehberi</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.superonline.com/">Superonline</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkiyeonline.com/">Türkiye.online.com</a> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/faydali-siteler">Faydalı siteler</a> - exchanging useful sites </span></li></ul> <hr /> <blockquote> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Knowing Turkish, you only have to make a relatively small effort to understand other Turkic languages such as Azeri, Turkmen, Tatar, Uzbek, Kazakh, Kyrgyz. The best way to achieve this is by reading (and listening to) documents in these languages. This page wants to provide you with the opportunity to get in contact with Turkic languages on the Web. Documents are selected solely from a linguistic point of view. </span> </p> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">(<b>Warning:</b> Türkçestan's links have been copied without our permission and included without reference to our site into the Altaistic Links page of <a target="_blank" href="http://altaica.narod.ru/links.htm"> altaica.narod.ru</a>. Only the present version is being updated by us on a regular basis. - Johan Vandewalle 15/06/2002) </span></p> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçe</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;">, Türkiye Türkçesi / the Turkish language / la langue turque / die türkische Sprache / de Turkse taal</span></b></span></h4> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="font-size:78%;">visit </span> <a target="_blank" href="http://users.pandora.be/orientaal/index.html#pages"><b><big> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türkçekent</span></big></b></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, Orientaal's links for students of Turkish </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Osmanlıca</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;">, Osmanlı Türkçesi / the Ottoman Turkish language / la langue turque ottomane / die osmanisch-türkische Sprache / de Ottomaans Turkse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Ottoman links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/karakusk/kultur/eskiyazi.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Eski yazı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - short sentences and 4 anecdotes of Nasreddin Hoca in Arabic and Latin script </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.wakeup.org/anadolu/categories/osmanlica.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Osmanlica metinler</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.wakeup.org/anadolu/categories/">Anadolu</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ottomanlanguage.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">www.ottomanlanguage.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with some sample texts in Ottoman script and Latin transcription </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/catalogue/galeri.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Galeri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/yayinlar.htm">Yayınlar</a> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.devletarsivleri.gov.tr/">T.C. Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü</a> - Scans of Imperial Fermans and hundreds of Ottoman documents in Latin transcription </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Eturkish/mss.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Ottoman Manuscripts at Harvard</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.culture.gr/2/21/218/218dn/e218dn00.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Ottoman documents, Greek Ministry of Culture</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - images of old Ottoman fermans </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.demokrasivakfi.org.tr/ataturk/letter_documents_tr.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Atatürk - mektuplar ve dokümanlar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - letters, telegrams,... in Ottoman </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://ataturk.turkiye.org/soylev/txwrdpdf/nutuk/txttr/ntkdizi.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Nutuk</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - transcription of the first 30 pages of Ataturk's speech </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tughranet.f2s.com/tnmag.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tughra Net Magazine</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - stamps, cards and documents with Ottoman script </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/%7Esibel/poetry/books/ottoman/what_witch_are_you_ottoman.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Ottoman Lyric Poetry</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - excerpt of a poem with English translation </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.let.uu.nl/oosters/EJOS/EJOS-I.2.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Ottoman-Venetian Diplomatics: the Ahd-names</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - transcribed and annotated documents (PDF-files) by Hans Theunissen in <a target="_blank" href="http://www.let.uu.nl/oosters/EJOS/EJOS-I.0.html">EJOS, Electronic Journal of Oriental Studies</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ug.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemala/fuzuli.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Fuzûlî Sayfası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Kemal Altıntaş' page on the famous Ottoman poet Fuzûlî </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.yeniasya.org.tr/index.asp?Section=Kulliyat"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Risale-i Nur Külliyatı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - complete works of Bediüzzaman Said Nursî (1876-1960), founder of the islamic sect of the Nurcular </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nur.org/risale/sozluk/sozluk.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Lûgatçe Sözlük</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - lexicon by Yeni Asya explaining 9500 Ottoman words and expressions from the Risale-i Nur, can also be viewed as <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nur.org/risale/sozluk/sozluk.txt">text file</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ismailgaspirali.org/ismailgaspirali/eserleri.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">İsmail Gaspıralı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - articles in Ottoman </span></span></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://bc.leidenuniv.nl/olg/selec/Turks/object1.htm"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Nine Turkish Manuscripts in the collection of the Leiden University Library </span></a></li><a target="_blank" href="http://bc.leidenuniv.nl/olg/selec/Turks/object1.htm"> </a><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://ottoman.home.mindspring.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">The Ottoman Page</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - many excellent links on the Ottomans </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Gagauzca</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Gagavuzca, Gagavuz Türkçesi / the Gagauz language / la langue gagaouze / die gagausische Sprache / de Gagaoezische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Gagauz links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/gag.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Right (in Gagauz)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.iatp.md/gagauzia/GAG/gag.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Gagauzia</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.trigeminal.com/frmrpt2dap_readme.asp?32799"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Trigerminal</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Azärbaycanca</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Azerice, Azeri Türkçesi / the Azerbaijani language / la langue aserbeidjanaise / die aserbeidschanische Sprache / de Azerbaidjaanse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Azeri links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Azeri Latin font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.azerbaijan.news.az/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Azerbaycan - Azerbaycan Respublikasi Milli Meclisinin Orqanı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.azadliq.az/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Azadlıq - Gündelik Qezet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ayna.az/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Ayna - Heftelik Informasiya Qezeti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://bizimasr.media-az.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bizim Äsr - Musteqil ictimai-siyasi qazet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.xeber.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Xeber.net - xeber portali</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.express.com.az/index.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Ekspress</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.olaylar.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Olaylar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.yeniazerbaycan.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Yeni Azerbaycan Qezeti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ses-az.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Ses</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.zaman.com.az/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Zaman</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.danulduzu.20m.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Dan Ulduzu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://home4.swipnet.se/%7Ew-46539/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"Durna", magazine in Azerbaijani</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turaninfo.com/indexa.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turan Information Center</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tribun.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Tribun</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - articles in Azeri (Latin and Arabic script) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.isagambar.az/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Isa Qämbär'in sähifäsi - Müsavat Partiyası Başqanı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.525ci.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> 525ci gäzet online</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.adalet-az.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Edalet Qezeti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ucnoqta.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Üçnöqte</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Image of Azeri Latin script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_choice.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Azeri Latin</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_lit/lit_az/literature_index.html"> Ädäbiyyat</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_articles/latin_article_ai.html"> Mäqalälär</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/latin_music/latin_music_index.html"> Musiqi Sözläri</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/manuscripts/manuscripts_index.html"> Orta Äsrlär Tibbi Älyazmaları</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_latin/kids/kids_index.html">Sadäcä Uşaqlar Üçün</a> and <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_arabic/arabic_index.html">Azeri Arabic</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://azeri.org/Azeri/az_learn/az_learn.html">Learn Azeri</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/azb.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - .PDF file </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/LatinizedAzeriText.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Latinized Azeri Text (pdf)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/">Dunwoody Press</a> </span> </span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.yeni-zaman.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Yeni Zaman - müsteqil içtimai-siyasi qezet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.musavat.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Yeni Müsavat Qezeti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.azeroo.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Azeroo - Azerbaycanın web portali</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/az/tabriz/index.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Günäş Azärbaycan Akademiklär Cämiyeti</span></a></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">English font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.azerin.com/members/rabite/2000index.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> 2000ci il problemi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.azerin.com/members/rabite/default.htm">Rabitä Nazirliyi</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.baku-vision.com/index_irc.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Baku-Vision, IRC in Azeri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - requires Microsoft Explorer </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Y<span lang="nl-be">a</span>hoo<span lang="nl-be"> Discussion group: </span><a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/baku2">Baki Klubu - qelbinde Baki sevgisi olanlarin Klubu</a> </span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Image of Azeri Cyrillic script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.travlang.com/languages/cgi-bin/langchoice.cgi?page=main&lang1=english&flags.x=79&flags.y=65"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"Azerbaijani for travelers", words and expressions with pronunciation</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Azeri in Cyrillic (image) and English font </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/azb1.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human rights</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - .PDF file </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/AzeriParallelTexts.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Azeri - English Parallel Texts (pdf)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/">Dunwoody Press</a> </span> </span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Russian font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.constitutional-court-az.org/az/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Azärbaycan Respublikası Konstitutsiya Mähkämäsi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Image of Azeri Arabic script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.azerbaijanis-congress.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">World Azerbaijanis Congress</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - documents in Latin and Arabic scripts </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://hem.passagen.se/dalqa/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Dalqa</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - in Latin and Arabic script </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ardabil.net/sav.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Sav - Azerbaycanlı Öyrenciler Dergisi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.varliginsesi.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Varlığın Sesi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.shamsorg.com/telli.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">shamsorg - telli</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.shamsorg.com/gafari.htm">gafari</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span lang="nl-be"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ourtabriz.com/shams/shams/maghyaleh.asp"><span style="font-size:78%;"> maqalat</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ourtabriz.com/shams/shams/khatere.asp">www</a></span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ourtabriz.com/">.ourtabriz.com</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://daquqi.8k.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Al-Daquqi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.goftmaan.com/forums/history/topic/7023-1.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Goftmaan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://cogur.persianblog.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Çögür.persianblog.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - </span> </span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Sound:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/azeri/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">BBC Azeri Service</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.voanews.com/azerbaijani/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Voice of America in Azerbaijani (30 min. audio on demand)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rferl.org/bd/az/index.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Europe/Liberty </span></a></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><big><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Türkmençe</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Türkmence, Türkmen Türkçesi / the Turkmen language / la langue turkmène/ die türkmenische Sprache / de Turkmeense taal</span></big></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Turkmen links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/9440/alphabet.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">La langue turkmène et son écriture</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/9440/gramtur.htm">Grammaire de turkmène à l'usage des francophones</a> - downloadable Turkmen grammer at the web page of <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/9440/index.htm"> Philippe-Schmerka Blacher</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.chaihana.com/lang.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Downloadable Turkmen-English and English-Turkmen dictionaries</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.chaihana.com/">Chaihana</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www15.brinkster.com/ajap/sz/gozle.asp"><span style="font-size:78%;">Online Turkmen-English-Turkmen <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eyho.8m.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Eyho</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - interesting web site in Turkmen with news, humor, literature, poetry, history, science,... </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmens.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Turkmens international homepage</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">-</span><span style="font-size:78%;"> many documents in Turkmen: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmens.com/Sairler.html">Great writers</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmens.com/Documents_files/navbar_documents.html"> Documents in Latin and Arabic alphabet</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmens.com/Dersat/index.html">Learn Turkmen</a>, Homepage of <a target="_blank" href="http://ce.metu.edu.tr/%7Eturkmens/home/Mehmet_KILIC.html"> Mehmet Kylyç</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://boozers.fortunecity.com/parkhotel/549/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Nazar Mämmedov's Homepage</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://kemine.tripod.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Balicity1</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, <a target="_blank" href="http://boozers.fortunecity.com/parkhotel/549/">Balicity2</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://cturkmen.tripod.com/">Balicity studio</a> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmen.itgo.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Turkmen.itgo.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - everything about Turkmenistan </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/country/turkmenistan/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Turkmen2000</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://talyplar.8m.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Talyplar Merkezi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bitarap.8m.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bitarap</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmenabat.8m.com/tm/bas_tm.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Türkmenabat</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.altynasyr.8m.com/cgi-bin/framed/2479/bolum.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Altynasyr</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmen.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Turkmen.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://bttm.tripod.com/giris.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bayramaly Türkmen-Türk Mekdebi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/agzybirlik2000/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Agzybirlik2000</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ittu.edu.tm/tm/indextm.php"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Halkara Türkmen Türk Uniwersiteti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://cess.iatp.edu.tm/CESS_TM.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Merkezi Ewroaziyany Öwreniş Jemgyyeti </span></a> <span style="font-size:78%;">(CESS) </span></span></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.usemb-ashgabat.rpo.at/tm/"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">ABŞ-nyn Türkmenistandaky Ilçihanasynyn Resmi Sayty </span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tax.gov.tm/index.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Türkmenistanyn döwlet salgyt gullugy </span> </a></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tkm.8m.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> www.tkm8.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www2.ittu.edu.tm/%7Ehcan/bulak/Arsiv/arsiv.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Bulak dergisi </span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.erkin.net/azatlyk/"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;"> Erkin Türkmenistan </span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mertebe.org/default.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Mertebe guramasinin internet sahipasina </span> </a></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tebigat.8m.com/"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;"> Türkmenistanyn tebigy goraghanalary </span></a></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://bizring.virtualave.net/tm/index.shtml"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Internet Telekeçi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/%7Eiamback/turkic/index.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Learning Turkic Languages </span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">- Turkish, Turkmen and Uzbek </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turkmensahra.org/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Ilgün</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - magazine in Turkmen (.pdf file) </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Image of Turkmen Cyrillic script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/tck.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human rights (in Turkmen)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">- .PDF file </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Sound:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rferl.org/bd/tu/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Europe/Liberty</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Çağatay tili</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Çağatayca, Çağatay Türkçesi / the Chagatay language / la langue tchagatai/ die tschaghataische Sprache / de Tsjagatai taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Chaghatai links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.utoledo.edu/%7Enlight/images/wdprvclg-s.gif"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Sözni köñüldä...</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - two verses by Ali Şir Nevai </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://home.ku.edu.tr/%7Ekocaoglu/msl.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Sirlardan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - poem by Cholpan; with translation </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://muratkosar.virtualave.net/erges_ucgun/erges1.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Erges Ucgun</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Timur Tarihi", "Çağatay Sözlüğü", "Risale-i Hüseyin Baykara" </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sufism.20m.com/hikmetkadim1.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;">Divan-<span lang="tr">ı </span>Hikmet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">O'zbekcha</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Özbekçe, Özbek Türkçesi / the Uzbek language / la langue ouzbèque/ die ösbekische Sprache / de Oezbeekse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Uzbek links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">English Font = Uzbek Latin font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sambuh.com/main/learnuzbek/learnuzbek.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"O'zbekcha gapiramiz", 12 lessons, sentences with pronunciation</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://depts.washington.edu/llc/olr/uzbek/UZB_001/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"O'zbek sadosi", 15 stories in Uzbek with audio and video</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.uio.no/%7Epjohanse/latalfuzb.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Spelling rules in the New Latin Alphabet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - version 1995 </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Broadway/Balcony/2440/poetry.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"Oasis of poetry" by Sherzod R. Tuychibaev</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.nabiyev.8m.com/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Dilmurod Nabievning sayti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://members.tripod.com/%7Eumarov/uzbek/nodir.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Nodir Umarov's Web page</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.umid.uz/Main/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Umid World</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with discussions in Uzbek at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.umid.uz/Main/Discussion/discussion.html"> Uzbekistan Online Forum</a> and Uzbek songs (MP3) at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.uzdessert.uz/ver4/music/music.html">Uzdessert</a>, by Uzbek students living abroad </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.freenet.uz/O%27ZBEKCHA/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Freenet Uzbekistan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.gk-usbekistan.de/USB/index.asp"><span style="font-size:78%;"> O'zbekiston Respublikasining Frankfurt Mayn shahridagi Bosh Konsulligi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ecvotours.com/uzvisa_apl.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Visa Application Form in Uzbek</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ia/darakchi/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Darakchi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ia/uzbconstitution/index.html">O'zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi</a> (downloadable Word document) and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ia/darakchi/poems.html">Poems</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.stability.uz/stab1.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Stabil'nost'</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/uzb.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Uzbek</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/nd/gothp/Index2.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Otabek T. Gadayev's Music Collection</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Modern songs (MP3) in Uzbek </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.pakhtabank.com/main_uz.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Pakhta Bank</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ddd-2001.boom.ru/index1.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"DDD" Ahborot-Tijorat markazi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.mirc.co.uk/translations/uzbek.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">mIRC</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uza.uz/uzbek/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> O'zbekiston Milliy Axborot Agentligi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uzprogress.narod.ru/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">UzProgress</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ictcouncil.gov.uz/main.php?chlang=3"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kompyuterlashtirish va axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalarini rivojlantirish bo'yicha Muvofiqlashtiruvchi Kengashning sayti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://zamin.freenet.uz/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Yangi O'zbekiston Tarihi Varaqalari</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://jtvuz.20m.com/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">JTV</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://home.comset.net/davr/gbi/uzb/gbi_r_uzb.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> JBI-3</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://uzb.nbu.com/about/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> O'zbekiston Respublikasi Tashqi iqtisodiy faoliyat milliy banki</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/nt/yakubjon/indexuz.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Namangan muhandislik-iqtisodiyot instituti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://uzbekworld.com/uzbek/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">UzbekWorld.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uzreport.com/uzb/index.cfm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">UzReport.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://zafarjon.virtualave.net/wwwboard//wwwboard.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Birlik Bahs Markazi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mamunacademy.narod.ru/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Xorazm Ma'mun Akademiyasi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.astrin.uzsci.net/uzb/index.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> O'zbekiston Fanlar Akademiyasi Ulug'bek nomidagi Astronomiya Instituti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tasi.uzsci.net/uzpage.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Toshkent arxitektura-qurilish instituti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ishonch.uz/deltakon/uzbek/about.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Deltakon xususiy firmasi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ifos.de/anabin/scripts/lstAbschluss.asp?SuchLand=191"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Liste Abschlüsse in Usbekistan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.stetson.edu/%7Eptillabo/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">UZB team</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://akmstudio.narod.ru/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">AkmStudio</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://jizmaks.narod.ru/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Jizzax viloyat pedagog xodimlar malakasini oshirish instituti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.forum.uz/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> www.forum.uz</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.farrukhkhon.freehomepage.com/about.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Farrukhkhon</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://mrmelhay.narod.ru/index1.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Mr.Mel.Hay sayti - hikoyalar va latifalar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://bizning.uzbekworld.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bizning Uzbekworld</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.buxdu.narod.ru/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Buxoro Davlat Universiteti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uzbekistan.de/jadid.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">www.uzbekistan.de - Jadid</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.teleradio.uz/index_uz.php"> <span style="font-size:78%;">O'zbekiston teleradiokompaniyasi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://aal.freenet.uz/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Angren Akademik Litsey Sayti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.oxuscom.com/uz-flag.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">The State Flag of the Republic of Uzbekistan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://koshgari.freenet.uz/uzbek.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Mahmud Koshg'ariy ning "Devonu lug'at-it-turk" asari va uning turkiy xalqlar madaniyati hamda jahon sivilizasiyasida tutgan o'rni - Xalqaro ilmiy konferensiya</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.gbarto.com/languages/uzbek1.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Introduction to Uzbek</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.gbarto.com/languages/">gbarto.com</a> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://ferpi.dem.ru/uzb/main.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Farg'ona politexnika instituti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uzbek-glossary.net/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Uzbek Glossary</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ozbekedebiyati.org/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">O'zbek Adabiyoti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://yogdu.freenet.uz/Uz/Main.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">YOG'DU</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://nsys.freenet.uz/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">O'zbekiston Yosh Olimlar Milliy Jamiyati</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://home.cogeco.ca/%7Enbaltson/gupal/index.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> GUPAL</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.jahongir.org/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Jahongir</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.gallabank.com/uzb/geninfo.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Gallabank</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Image of Uzbek Cyrillic script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/uzb1.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (in Uzbek)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">- .PDF file </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/UzbekTextbook.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Uzbek Textbook V1 (pdf)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/UzbekTextbookSupplement.pdf"> Supplement Uzbek Textbook (pdf)</a> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/">Dunwoody Press</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "O'rta Osyo va Volga Bo'ylari"(pdf) </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">English font and some documents Russian font (Uzbek Cyrillic without diacritics):</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uzbekistanerk.org/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Site of the Erk Party</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.birlik.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Site of the Birlik Party</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.islamnuri.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Islom Nuri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://namangan.narod.ru/hazrat.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Mahdumi A'zam</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://namangan.narod.ru/pop.htm">Qadimgi Pop</a> at <a target="_blank" href="http://namangan.narod.ru/">namangan.narod.ru</a> </span></span> </li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Sound:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/uzbek/index.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">BBC Uzbek Service</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rferl.org/bd/uz/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Europe/Liberty</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.voanews.com/uzbek/"><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;"> Voice of America in Uzbek </span></a></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.jesusfilm.org/languages/03888/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Jesus film (in Uzbek)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">- Video on demand </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Uyğurça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Uygurca, Uygur Türkçesi / the Uyghur language / la langue ouigoure / die uigurische Sprache / de Oeigoerse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Uyghur links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Uyghur Arabic script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/uig.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (in Uighur)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://tengri.51.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Tangritagh Tor Bekiti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uighursoft.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Uyğursoft Kompyuter Şirkiti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://two.guestbook.de/gb.cgi?gid=333732&prot=ahdqka">guestbook</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://salkin.8u8.com/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Mayinxamal Uighur Tor Beti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.muhit.gov.cn/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Shinjiang Uyghur Aptonom Rayonluq Muhit Asritish Idarisi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Uyghur Latin script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.uygur.org/uygurche.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">East Turkestan Information Center</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - many documents in Uyghur, including the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.uygur.org/uchqun/index.html">"Uçqun" magazine</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.taklamakan.org/uighur-l/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Uighur-L Mailing List</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with article <a target="_blank" href="http://www.taklamakan.org/uighur-l/archive/12_5_1.html">Veten teghdiri hazirqi zaman sehniside</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.taklamakan.org/uighur-l/archive/1998/5_2_1.html">Uyghur Latin script</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/Theater/9935/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Omerjan's Homepage</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Paris/Opera/2495/uygur1.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Poésie ouïgoure</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ccs.uky.edu/%7Erakhim/doc_files/poetry.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Uyghur Poetry</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> by Abdulrakhim Aitbayev </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.uyghuramerican.org/uyghurche/index.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Amerika Uyghur Birleshmishi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rekordfestival.de/uyghur.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Flensburg 2000</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www5a.biglobe.ne.jp/%7Eerkin/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Erkin Qeshqiri Tarim Sayahet Uchurliri Tor Beti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.taklamakan.org/erkin/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">"Uyghur Information Bulletin"</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.taklamakan.org/erkin/Inuyghur/undeclare.htm">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (in Uyghur)</a> and article <a target="_blank" href="http://www.taklamakan.org/erkin/Inuyghur/dervish2.htm">Kosovo we Xerkiy Turkistan</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/uighurlanguage"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Uighur Language.com 1</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/uighurlanguage/">2</a> - by Tughluq & Clara Abdurazak </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://freeud.madsims.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> freEU <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">Dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://freeud.tripod.com/abc/uky.html">Uyghur Latin Alphabet</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sek.ic.kanagawa-it.ac.jp/lughet/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Inglizche-Uyghurche Internet Lughiti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.misiran.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Misiran.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.newruz.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> www.newruz.com</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tangritagh.net/uyghur-y/roman/bore%20ana/bore-ana.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Böre Ana</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Roman in Uyghur at </span></span><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tangritagh.net/uyghur-y/"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Tangritagh Literature Website </span></a></li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.tangritagh.net/uyghur-y/"> </a><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://nefit.51.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> nefit.51.net</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.xjpi.edu.cn/bm_web/hgx/abduxukur.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Himaye Sanaet Fakulteti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.qarluq.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Qarluq Studio</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><a target="_blank" href="http://oqush.tripod.co.jp/main.html"> <span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Chetelge Uqushqa Chiqish Toghrisida </span> </a></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.csm.ia.dendai.ac.jp/%7Ekurban/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kurbanjan Rozi Torbeti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kueps.kyoto-u.ac.jp/%7Eahmadjan/cfp_u.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Ahmadjan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.hinisoft.8u8.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Xahzada007 Tor beti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://garret.51.net/uighur.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Garret Uyghurqa Tor beti</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kashgari.8m.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kashgari</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/uygurlar">Uygurlar</a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://www.voy.com/11672/">Edibiyat Gulzari - Gulistan</a> </span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/usse">USSE - Uighur Students & Scholars eGroup</a> </span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Sound:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rfa.org/service/audio.html?service=uyg"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Asia - Uyghur Service</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - audio on demand </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Sarığ Yoğur</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Sarı Uygurca, Sarı Uygur Türkçesi / the Yellow Uighur (Yugur) language / la langue des Ouïgours Jaunes / die gelb-uigurische Sprache / de Geel-Oeigoerse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Yugur links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/language/wyutext/wyuindex.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Western Yugur folk tales and proverbs</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with English translation and two audio samples from <a target="_blank" href="http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/music/music.htm">Western Yugur folk songs</a> at <a target="_blank" href="http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/yugur/">"Western Yugur Steppe"</a> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Xakas tili</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Hakasça, Hakas Türkçesi / the Khakas language / la langue khakas / die chakassische Sprache / de Chakassische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Khakass links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kiravan.com/webtitle.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Üç tilde çooxtaan xakas nımaaxtarı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Khakass stories in three languages (pdf) at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kiravan.com/">www.kiravan.com</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://home.arcor.de/marcmarti/khakas/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">The Khakas language</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with a Khakas-English <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Altın Arık" </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Tofaca,</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> Tofa Türkçesi / the Tofa language / la langue tofa / die tofa Sprache / de Tofa taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Tofa links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/Tofa.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tofa - DOBES project</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - sound samples </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://sapir.ling.yale.edu/%7EASLEP/ASLEP.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Altai-Sayan Language & Ethnography Project</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - sound samples </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Qırım Tatarçası</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Kırım Tatarcası, Kırım Tatar Türkçesi / the Crimean Tatar language / la langue tatare de la Crimée / die Krimtatarische Sprache / de Krimtataarse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Crimean Tatar links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.vatankirim.net/gunsel/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Günsel</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Tatar Journal in the New Latin script (.pdf file) at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tatar.net/">Tatar.net</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.seda.by.ru/index.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Qırım Sedası - Qırımtatar Internet Gazetası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/celebicihan.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Poems by Celebicihan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with translation </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/boztorgay.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">"Boztorgay", a song in Crimean Tatar, Latin script</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/emel2301.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Mustafa Abdülcemil Kırımoğlu'nun konuşması</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> in <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/emel.htm">Emel</a> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.vatankirim.net/Bahcesaray/2001haziran/1.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">M.A. Kırımoğlu'nun 18 Mayıs konuşması</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.vatankirim.net/Bahcesaray/default.asp">Bahçesaray</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/emel2203.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kırım Tatarcasında geniş zaman ifadesi veren sıfat fiiller</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/emel2505.htm">Kırım Tatarcasında gelecek zaman ifadesi veren sıfat fiiller</a>, articles by Zühal Yüksel in <a target="_blank" href="http://www.euronet.nl/users/sota/emel.htm">Emel</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ug.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemala/yirlar.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Qırım Tatar Halq Yırları</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - 33 Crimean Tatar songs in Real Audio </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/Ana.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kemal'in Kırım Sayfası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/hocayi_sibyan.html">Hoca-yı Sıbyan</a> - İsmail Gaspıralı's reading book for children (Arabic script, images), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/edebiyat.html"> Edebiyat</a> - biographies in Latin script, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/tercuman.html">Tercuman</a> - newspaper (in Arabic script, images), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/dil.html">Kırım Tatar Dili</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/dil2.htm">Qırım Tatar edebiy tiliniñ imlâ qaideleri toplamı</a> - new spelling rules, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/%7Ekemal/Kirim/yirlar.html">Qırım Tatar Halq Yırları</a> - 33 songs </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ismailgaspirali.org/ismailgaspirali/faaliyetler/fkirim.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Ismail Gasprinskiy Hatırlandı</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.qurultay.org/tat/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Qirim Tatar Milliy Meclisi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/art2/btheater/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bağçasaray Qırımtatar Halq Teatro-Studyası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://members.fortunecity.com/timurberk/kirim/muzik/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">KIRIM Müzik</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Çora Batır", "Şahin Giray", "Tatar Ezgileri" </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Tatarça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Tatarca, Tatar Türkçesi / the Tatar language / la langue tatare / die tatarische Sprache / de Tataarse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Tatar links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Turkish font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://ultranetv.hypermart.net/wow.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Learning Tatar and/or Turkish</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - downloadable Word 97 files </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.azatliq.org/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> RFERL: News in Tatar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kbst.ru/tatinf/donyasi"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tatar dönyası - Gomumtatar Eleqtron Gazeta</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.intertat.ru/index.php?cat=-l"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Intertat - Tatarstan Elektron Gazetası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://untifler.narod.ru/indextatlat.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Qazan Tramwaye</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kazantransport.by.ru/metro/index%7Et.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Qazan Metropoliteni</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turko-tatar.com/uli/pubs/TatUt2001.pdf"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Xalıqara Tatar Universitete</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - pdf document at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.turko-tatar.com/uli/">Uli Schamiloglu's Homepage</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.salavat.info/discogra/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Salavat Faxrutdinov - Tatar songs</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.salavat.info/discogra/sng_txts/t_yashle.shtml">song texts</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.magrifat.ru/39/lat.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tatarstan mäğarif ministrliginiñ atnalıq ğazetası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">English font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tatar-l/">Tatar-l</a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://forum.tatar.info/index.php">Bötendönya tatar forumı</a> </span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Tatar Cyrillic font:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kcn.ru/tat_tat/tat_tur/index.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Tatar-Turkish <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://agidel.virtualave.net/frame.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Concise English-Tatar <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(160, 255, 255);">dictionary</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tatar.ru/president/tatar/default.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Site of the President of Tatarstan</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kcn.ru/tat_tat/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tatarstan internetta</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kcn.ru/tat_tat/iylkn/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Yalkın</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://members.tripod.com/tatargazeta/tat_index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tatar Gazetası</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - newspaper for Tatars living in Mordovia </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://oasis.fortunecity.com/niagara/283/"><span style="font-size:78%;">Tatar pages</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://oasis.fortunecity.com/niagara/283/rasskaz.htm">fantastik povest'</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://kerpe.narod.ru/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kerpe - Tatar Student Cäridäse</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mtss.ru/course/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tatarskij Jazyk - Intensivnyj Kurs</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://tatarca.boom.ru/Tatarca.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tatarça tekstlar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.yuldash.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Yuldash - Tatarlar ochen berenche tanyshuvlar saity</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Image of Tatar Cyrillic script:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/ttr.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal declaration of Human rights (in Tatar)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <ul><p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><span style="font-size:78%;">Sound:</span></b><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rferl.org/bd/tb/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Europe/Liberty</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Başqortsa</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Başkurtça, Başkurt Türkçesi / the Bashkir language / la langue bachkire / die baschkirische Sprache / de Basjkirische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Bashkir links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/bashkirs/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">YIYIN</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Bashkir language site with poems, riddles, proverbs, songs (Turkish encoding and Russian Windows 1251) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.telhez.narod.ru/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Telhez</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://bashnet.boom.ru/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Bashnet.boom.ru</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, with downloadable Bashkir font </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://newchron.narod.ru/Hau-ben/hajwan.html#index"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Hau-ben</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Historical roots of the Bashkir-English language and mythology </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://vatandash.ufanet.ru/bash.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Vatandash</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - pdf files </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Başkurt" </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion forum: <a target="_blank" href="http://narod.yandex.ru/userforum/?owner=bashkir">Bashkir</a> </span> </li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Altayça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Altayca, Altay Türkçesi / the Altai language / la langue altai / die altaische Sprache / de Altai taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Altai links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Altay Baatırlar" </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Nogayşa</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Nogayca, Nogay Türkçesi / the Nogay language / la langue nogaï / die nogaische Sprache / de Nogaise taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Nogay links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/ctanribak/cirsoz.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Süygen cureg</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - lyrics of a Nogay song </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Nogay Irları" </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Kumuk til</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Kumukça, Kumuk Türkçesi / the Kumyk language / la langue kumyk / die kumükische Sprache / de Kumykse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Kumyk links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/pekacar/anadagkum.htm"><span lang="tr"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Dağıstan ve Kumuk</span></span><span style="font-size:78%;"> Türkleri</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://w3.gazi.edu.tr/web/pekacar">Çetin Pekaçar'ın web sayfası</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.greatcom.org/laws/kumyk/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kumyk</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.greatcom.org/laws/languages.html">The Four Spritual Laws</a> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Qazaqşa</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Kazakça, Kazak Türkçesi / the Kazakh language / la langue kazaque/ die kasachische Sprache / de Kazachse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These <span lang="tr">Kazakh </span>links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.almatytelecom.kz/php/kaz/index.php"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Almaty Telecom</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Kazakh in Cyrillic script </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/kaz.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Kazakh</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://penalti.narod.ru/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Penaltı - Kazakhstan futbol janalyktary</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/pakistan_reise/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Pakistan Reise 1</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/pakistan_reise/page2.html">2</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/pakistan_reise/page3.html">3</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/pakistan_reise/page4.html">4</a> - story of a trip to Pakistan, with pictures </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://spoy.narod.ru/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Qazaq a'nderi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/rahmetce/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Sheteldegi Kazaktar Awili</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - by Rahmet Cetin </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.awil.net/index.asp"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Khazakh Awyl</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://satsun.sci.kz/index_main_kk.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Fizika Tekhnikalık Institut</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://satsun.sci.kz/erezhe.html">Transliteracija kestesï</a> - proposal for a Latin Kazakh transliteration </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kazakinfo.com/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kazakinfo</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kazakinfo.com/Culture/Language.shtml">Can you speak Kazakh?</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www-lehre.informatik.uni-osnabrueck.de/%7Eayeleuss/kz/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Arman Yeleussin's page</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://mitglied.tripod.de/nayman/olen.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Arman jırım, aruvlarım</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://members.tripod.de/nayman/altchat.html">Nayman</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/kisisel/akalin/kazak.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türük Halıktar Aralık Baylanıs Tili Turasında</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - article by Prof. Dr. Şükrü Halûk AKALIN </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.orta.gov.cn/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> China Xinjiang Environmental Protection</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/KazakhTextbook.pdf"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kazakh Textbook V1 (pdf)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.dunwoodypress.com/pdfs/">Dunwoody Press</a> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www-lehre.inf.uos.de/%7Eayeleuss/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">OYBAY</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Arman Yeleussin's Page </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://akolya.hypermart.net/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Akolya - Kazaksha Forum</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://keruen.cjb.net/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Keruen</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/bolatkhan/KazLang/kazindex.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Izuçaem Kazaxskij Jazyk</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/bolatkhan/adebietstories.html">Kazak Adebieti</a> by Bolatkhan </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/kerey_kz/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kereu Eli</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.samal.kz/burabay/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Burabay</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.arba.ru/asylqazna/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Asyl Qazyna</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.samal.kz/%7Eakolya/qaztarih/mazmun.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Qazaq tarixy</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mfa.kz/kazakh/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Qazaqstan respublikasynyng syrtqy ister ministrligi</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.khabar.kz/kazsite/index.php3"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Khabar Information Agency</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.inp.kz/kaz/indexkaz.php"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Yadrolyq Fizika Instituty</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Alpamış", "Batırlar Jırı", "Kazak Kırgız Uygur" </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/kazakh/index.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">BBC Kazakh Service</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rferl.org/bd/ka/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Europe/Liberty: 1.00(3h)/13.00(3h)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.cenasianet.org/cavIntro/intro.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> CenAsiaNet Online Video Modules</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - learning Kazakh based on videoclips, you need to <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">download</b> fonts and QuickTime (in case you don't see the clip, save to cache and play from cache) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/altayeli">Altayeli</a> </span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Kırgızça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Kırgızca, Kırgız Türkçesi / the Kyrgyz language / la langue kirghize / die kirgisische Sprache / de Kirgizische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These <span lang="tr">K</span>irghiz<span lang="tr"> </span>links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/udhr/lang/kdo.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Universal Declaration of Human Rights (in Kyrgyz)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://students.washington.edu/elmira/wedsong.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kirghiz Wedding Songs</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and <a target="_blank" href="http://students.washington.edu/elmira/categories.html">Kirghiz Proverbs (some unfinished)</a> at <a target="_blank" href="http://students.washington.edu/elmira/">Elmira Kochumkulkizi's homepage</a>, (don't forget to look at Elmira's splendid <a target="_blank" href="http://students.washington.edu/elmira/wedding.html">wedding pictures</a> as well) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/makaldar/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Sulaymandın Nakıl Sözdörü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Kyrgyz proverbs </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ak2/naryn/info.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Narındık Site</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://janyzak.freenet.kg/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Jangyzak Site</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://janyzak.freenet.kg/gk.htm">Guestbook</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Forum with some messages in Kyrgyz at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.kyrgyz.tsu.ru/kyrg/kyrgyz.shtml">İstoriya Kırgızov</a> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/kutbilim/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kutbilim</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - The Bible in Kyrgyz </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://art.freenet.kg/kyr/resume.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kırgızstandın azırkı körköm süröt önörü</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kabar.kg/kyrgyz/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kabar <span lang="tr">- </span>K<span lang="tr">ırgız Uluttuk Maalımat Agenstvosu</span></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.landreform.kg/kyr/index.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Kyrgyzstan Land Reform Project</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://cdf.gov.kg/index_kg.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Comprehensive Development Framework</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://samats.narod.ru/Who_am_I.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Samat Dolutbakov's Homepage</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://slovar-kyr-rus.narod.ru/index.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Kırgızça-Orusça Sözdük</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/kyrgyz/index.shtml"> <span style="font-size:78%;">BBC Kyrgyz Service</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rferl.org/bd/ky/index.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Radio <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 153, 153);">Free</b> Europe/Liberty: 2.00(2h)/14.00(1h)/17.00(1h)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a> </span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Şor tili</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Şorca, Şor Türkçesi / the Shor language / la langue chor / die schorische Sprache / de Sjor taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These <span lang="tr">Shor </span>links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://shoriya.ngpi.rdtc.ru/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Shorhome</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - with dictionaries and online Shor texts </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://swco.ttu.edu/aton_html/turkishlist.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Uysal-Walker Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with "Şor" </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Qaraçayça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Karaçayca, Karaçay Türkçesi / the Karachay language / la langue Karatchai / die karatschaische Sprache / De Karatsjai taal<br /> </span><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Balqarça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Balkarca, Balkar Türkçesi / the Balkar language / la langue balkare / die balkarische Sprache / de Balkar taal </span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Karachay links / Karachay Balkar links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span> </span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Pagoda/7675/"><span style="font-size:78%;">The Karachay-Malxar Homepage</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/karachaymalkar"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Karachay Balkaria</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/%7Ekarachayli/imece.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Djomaqla - Tawruxla</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - short stories in Karachay Cyrillic Alphabet (KOI8-R) </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://members.tripod.com/%7EBotash1/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Botash Ulu Hamit</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Discussion group: <a target="_blank" href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/karachaymalkar">Karachaymalkar</a> </span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Tıva dıl</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Tuvaca, Tuva Türkçesi / the Tuvan language / la langue touvane / die tuwanische Sprache / de Toevaanse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Tuvinian links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.huunhuurtu.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Huun-huur-tu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - with songs in Tuvan </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.avantart.com/tuva/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Avantart - Tuva</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - with some songs in Tuvan </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.purenaturemusic.com/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Pure Nature Music</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - some downloadable songs and lyrics </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://cannol.tora.ru/news.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Cannol.tora.ru</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - a few entries in Tuvan </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://barum.boom.ru/servletGuestBook?action=view&id=18358256"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Barum - Guestbook</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - a few entries in Tuvan at <a target="_blank" href="http://barum.boom.ru/">Barum</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://shu-de.narod.ru/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Shu-de</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://saruglar.narod.ru/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Saruglar</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://buyan-dash.narod.ru/simple.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Buyan-dash</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://surguul.narod.ru/"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Surguul</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://kyzylankara.narod.ru/who/belekool.html"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Belek-Ool Ayas</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> and others at <a target="_blank" href="http://kyzylankara.narod.ru/who/index.html">KyzylAnkara</a>- Tuvan Students studying in Turkey </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Çuvaşça</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;">, Çuvaş Türkçesi / the <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chuvash</b> language / la langue tchouvache / die tschuwaschische Sprache / de Tsjoewasjische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chuvash</b> links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.cap.ru/cap/DAILY/9905/ch.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">News in <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chuvash</b></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - in Latin script at <a target="_blank" href="http://gov.cap.ru/hierarhy_cap.asp?govid=&page=./103/116&pageup=./103&Cmd=%C3%82%C3%A2%C3%A5%C4%9F%C3%B5"> gov.cap.ru</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rekordfestival.de/chuvash.html"><span style="font-size:78%;">Record Festival 2002 in Flensburg</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Saha tili</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / Yakutça, Yakut Türkçesi / the Yakut language / la langue yakoute / die jakutische Sprache / de Jakoetische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Yakut links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ykt.ru/edersaas/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Eder Saas</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - News in Yakut (weekly) - requires <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ykt.ru/stuffs/ariayn__.zip">Yakut Cyrillic font</a> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ykt.ru/dalbar/index.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Dalbar xotun</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Magazine </span> </span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rekordfestival.de/yakut.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Record Festival 2002 in Flensburg</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Kuman Türkçesi</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / the Cuman language / la langue comane / die komanische Sprache / de Komaanse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Cuman links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2/cam2.html"> <span style="font-size:78%;">The Codex Cumanicus</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - article by Peter B. Golden at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ku.edu/carrie/texts/carrie_books/paksoy-2">Central Asian Monuments</a> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Karay Türkçesi</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / the Karaim language / la langue karaite / die karaimische Sprache / de Karaitische taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Karaim links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/%7Edjn/karaim/kCDlang.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Sample in Karaim</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> from the Spoken Karaim Language CD Project </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">"The Lord's Prayer" in <a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/6623/atamyz.htm">Latin</a>/<a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/6623/KaraimPrayer.gif">Hebrew</a> script </span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Orhon Türkçesi</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;"> / the Orkhon Turkic language / la langue turque de l'Orkhon / die Orchon-türkische Sprache / de Orchon-Turkse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Orkhon Turkic links / Old Turkic links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">The inscriptions of <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tonyukuk.net/tongiris.htm">Tonyukuk</a> (720 AD), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tonyukuk.net/kolgiris.htm">Kül Tigin</a> (732 AD) and <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tonyukuk.net/bilgegiris.htm">Bilge Kağan</a> (735 AD) - original right-to-left runic text with transcription and Turkish translation (<b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(153, 255, 153);">download</b> the <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tonyukuk.net/Orkun.ttf">Orkhon Turkic Runic Font</a> and save it as orkun.ttf) at <a target="_blank" href="http://www.tonyukuk.net/sunus.htm">www.Tonyukuk.net</a> </span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">VATEC, Vorislamische Alttürkische Texte</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://altaica.narod.ru/l-turk.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Monumenta Altaica</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://karabakh-doc.gen.az/ru/turkologiya/trk020.htm"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Nadpisannye kamni</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span> </li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.antalyaonline.net/futhark/index.htm"><span style="font-size:78%;"> Mystery of the Futhark Alphabet</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - Deciphering monuments written in the Futhark Runic alphabet as if they were Turkic! <b> :)</b> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><b><big><span style="font-size:78%;">Eski Uygurca</span></big><span style="font-size:78%;">, Eski Uygur Türkçesi / the Old Uighur language / la langue ouïgoure ancienne / die altuigurische Sprache / de Oud-Oeigoerse taal</span></b></span></h4> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><small><span style="font-size:78%;">(These Old Uighur links were checked and updated on January 4, 2004)</span></small></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">VATEC, Vorislamische Alttürkische Texte</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <h4><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;font-size:78%;">Miscellaneous</span></b></h4> <ul><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.turan.tc/klavuz/"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Türk Dünyası Konuşma Klavuzu</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> - practical sentences in Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Uzbek, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Tatar </span></span></li><li><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live"> <span style="font-size:78%;">The Rosetta Project</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"> with <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=AZB"> Southern Azerbaidjani</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=BXK"> Bashkir</a> (no text), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=CJU"> <b style="color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 102);">Chuvash</b></a> (no text), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=KRC"> Karachay Balkar</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=KDR"> Karaim</a> (wrong text), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=KAZ"> Kazakh</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=TCK"> Turkmen</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=UIGC"> Uyghur</a> (no text), <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=UZB"> Uzbek</a>, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.rosettaproject.org:8080/live/search/detailedlanguagerecord?ethnocode=UKT"> Yakut</a>. </span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <p><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><a target="_blank" href="http://www.geocities.com/uighurlanguage"> <span style="font-size:78%;">Tughluq (1996)</span></a><span style="font-size:78%;">: "For a native Uighur, Uzbek and Kazakh languages are easily understood; he doesn't need a translator to exchange ideas with an Uzbek or Kazakh as far as spoken language is concerned. The same Uighur person will have difficulty in understanding a native Turk or an Azeri in the beginning, but if he or she is willing to listen to a couple of audio tapes and make little effort in learning, they are capable of learning the language in a very short time." </span></span></p> </blockquote></td></tr></tbody></table>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5492363547307043977.post-73452640234560370272008-11-21T07:48:00.000-08:002008-11-21T07:53:50.551-08:00BASHKIR tribes in the 18-19 centuries.BASHKIR tribes, genera, genera UNIT in the 18-19 centuries.<br /><br /><br /><br />SOUTH-EASTERN BASHKIRY<br /><br /> I PLEMYA YURMATY<br />YURMATY, drevnebashkirskoe tribe. Major Tamga <b><br />ЮРМАТЫ</b>, <b>древнебашкирское</b> племя. Основные тамги <img src="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/yurmaty.gif" /><br /><br />Perhaps yurmatyntsy - ancient Turks who experienced stage ethnic interaction and mixing with ugrami and moved along with Bulgari from Priazovya on the Volga. History yurmatyntsev resettlement in the Urals can be traced to the 13-14 century. When they kochevali between the Zaya and Sheshmy; in the late 14 century. perepravilis on the right Kama. In the 15 century. yurmatyntsy obeyed Nogayskoy orde. The bulk of ancient nomadic and left, heading southeast, reaching pp. Sakmary, Yaika and White. The main area until mid-16. White left the right. In the 16-17 century. yurmatyntsy occupied the left bank of White. Now, on the territory of resettlement yurmatyntsev are Ishimbaysky, Sterlibashevsky, Sterlitamak, Fedorovski areas of Belarus.<br /> 1. Rhode karmysh<br /> Generic unit: aitkul, akkubyak, abyz, bikzyan, Ibra, Kudashov, kusyar, Kara-tuyak, kabyrga, kalmak, kilmysh, Moksha, garden, SAZ, siksyantoyak, Tungatarov, sarkay, etemes.<br /> 2. Rhode mishar-yurmaty<br /> Generic unit: Baca, Makarov, sunke.<br /> 3. Rhode foot-yurmaty<br /> Generic unit: arlar, yuannar, yeyen, Mugasha.<br /> 4. Rhode taltim<br /> Generic unit: aznay, Ait, Ayu, Bashkir, bishkadak, burzyan, gabzalil, Dauth, ilsektimer, ishmurat, elembet, kaynau, kalmak, kanykay, retribution, karmysh, Kasymov, kuzgun, kyzylbash, kyrau, minzelya, Mice, umetbay, Usenov Sarah, turdakyn, Husain, halabash, Shakir, shekzr, Aitkul, yuldashbay, yurmaty, yarylkap, yaugilde.<br /> 5. Rhode tatigas<br /> Generic unit: aytugan, alatube, kalmak, kortlas, meretek, sure, selesh, setey, Tabyldy, teyeldek.<br /> 6. Rhode yurmaty<br /> Generic unit: aybash, Ayu, ayusy, bikey, bikkinindar, bisheyle, aznabay, buskun, burzyan, bepke, ilsegul, irale, isyanbirde, yumak, keze, kazakkul, kalmak, karabilgau, retribution, hag, kashkaymak, Kudashov, kuzgun, kultay , Kusyapey, kudey, kuyan, kesim, mayryk, Moustapha, mullakay, Musa, Salda, serek, Sibeko, suvashay, setey, tabyn, hip, tour, tuba, tyzym, URAKAEV, Uzbek, shalavar, Şüräle, shymtyr, Yuldashev, yuly , Yurmaty, yakshembet.<br /><br /> II PLEMYA BURZYAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode bayuly-burzyan<br /> Generic unit: Ayu, ayhay, ataysal, bayuly, berse, burey, isambakta, Cairo, kalmak, retribution, kary, kuzgun, kerpe, keykene, keshvar, maytamak, mishar, muske, mesekay, Sango, sekey, tangor, tau, tour , Turkmens fog.<br /> 2. Rhode burzyan<br /> Generic unit: aygulak, ayhay, apandy, ataysal, baysary, bayuly, bikzyan, bishul, rowdy, burzyan, buken, begenesh, bezmen, Bakir, belle, bepey, besher, valiulla, gaysa, Gumerov, Dauth, zayhan, igeu, ilkey , Ishbulat, ishteke, ishey, yylan, yylysh, yanaly, kustur, kuselyar, kudyshkultyk, kegen, Kazakh, kadyrgul, kayepkul, kalmak, kaltyrsa, Kama, kankys, Karaban, Karagan, karanay, Karataev, karatun kypsak, Katai, kuzgun, Cook kuldavlet, Kuru Eul Ayu, Kuzya, kuyan, kyzylbash, kypsak, keze, kekere, Mazan, mishar, muksin, munash, Mourad, muratkul, muratsha, mindegul, Navruz, nurale, uyryak, usen, pepech, remey, sirvay, sirmesh, suksur, sulse, Sultan, find, Chuvash, SENC, Sarta, sarysh, pelvis, taish, tamyan, tartan, Tatars, tatlybay, tavabil, tavyktar, telecom, timekey, Turkmens, tuba, tuybay, fat, tuktagul, fog, Halit, hudaygul, huzit, Sarta, saiskan, suun kypsak, shagyrbay, shekere, shugem, yrsay, urusbay, endeshmes, etkustu, yuke, Yuldashev, yuly, yurmaty, yushem, yabalak, yaltyr, yanaly, yanylar, yarat, yauzar.<br /> 3. Rhode munash<br /> Generic unit: ah-urmester, argynbay, besey, biyan, gubaydulla, etikey, itkul, Kazakh, kadyrgul, kalmak, Karakalpak, Cook kuhamysh, kuyan, mukterge, urluk, sarkyldak, sukty-tayak, chuvashbay, Chingiz, semetey, Tatars , Tauli, tau, tashbash, habtan, Samara, etkustu, yaykar.<br /> 4. Rhode foot-burzyan<br /> Generic unit: baim, bure, gabdryash, Kazakh, kalmak, Kuzya, kusyuk, Kirghiz, kyl, munash, serekey, sekeney, Tatars, Tauli, epteresh, Kyzyl leg.<br /> 5. Rhode yamash<br /> Generic unit: shoe, zhalbay, Kazakh, kalmak, kinzyabulat, Kurt, kyrdar, kyuyk, ushey, cheremis, sitryk, setey, tartan, Tatars, Tauli, tupiter, shugildy, shemek, yamash.<br /> 6. Rhode yansary, zhansa<br /> Generic unit: ah-urmester, Asyl, baish, birdegul, kalmak, karagush, Kara-Taba, kydray, urluk, Samara, Chingiz, Chuvash, Tatars, tavabil, Tauli, Tauke.<br /><br /> III PLEMYA USERGAN, MUYTEN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Ayu<br /> Generic unit: Ayu, yumaguzha, Kazakh, Kadyrov, kuyan, kungey, kyl-kara, T-shirts, nagman, surash, tetenbet, utegen, yunys.<br /> 2. Rhode bishey, bishuy<br /> Generic unit: baysura, beden, Ibra, ibanay, ishbuldy, yumakay, yagafar, Kazakh, kyl-kara, Naiman, leg, saragul, tazhik, turumtay, telke, Turkmens, Hassan, ylasyn, eytembet.<br /> 3. Rhode storm<br /> Generic unit: argyn, burebay, ibanay, Kazakh, mayryk.<br /> 4. Rhode surash<br /> Generic unit: Abdullah, baytal, buylykkan, Iman, yumakay, kalmak, karalar, kuyan, kypsak, kerekey, murzagale, Mice, sukmar, Turkmens, SD, usmak.<br /> 5. Rhode usergan<br /> Generic unit: Ayu, Ayu kyzyr, akryn, alabay, apal, apandy, argyn Kazakh, akhak, bayish, bakabash, bishey, Burao, burzyan, buskun, bukenbash, storm, ishembay, ishey, yuvanay, elkybay, zhansary, yashelhurpa, kabyk , Kazakh, kazanlar, kalmak, Karakalpak, karataban, karatamak, karatun kypsak, katash, kaukyldak, kultay, kuraish, Kuru Eul Ayu, kutukay, Kunakov, Bath, kuranys, kurmas, kubalyak-tilyau, kurek, kucherbay, kepek, kersen, kkevyak, lauryan, Mustafa, muzkeldek, Mice, mambet, Nazar, improving kepes, uslubash, eke, erkenbay, ushe, Sarba, sirtmesh, sugete, sulmek, suter, suvaykyuak, pesey, tazlar, pelvis, tartan, Tatars, tavay, Tauli , Telke, fog kuz, Thorne, Turkmens, uyura, uraz, usergan, hangilde, haiskan, suun kypsak, huur, shaik, shayahmet, shapak, sheshey, Şüräle, elbey, Emin, yuldashbay, yabas, yarat.<br /> 6. Rhode shishey<br /> Generic unit: yauhar, kapkak, karasabak, katykurut, kypsak, mulyuk, masekey, tavay, shumen, Abilov.<br /><br /> IV PLEMYA TANGAUR, TUNGAUR, DUNGAUR<br /><br /> 1. Rhode tungaur<br /> Generic unit: act apandy, apty-cancer, arat, Aslan, ahlay, Bayrak, besey, bizmen, bikchentay, biketish, bikatin, burkutkus, buket, storm, bereshen, Tarkhan, dumbey, dungaur, zagit, igeu, IMES, isembay , Yuuan kunys, yushky, yashke, wild boar, Kazakh, kalmak, kamgak, karabeyek, Koshkar, kryashen, kilmeshek, Kuzya, kuyun, kumuka, kurshek, kukmis, kugeun, kusen, Kubo, murzagildy, myshayak, Maksyuta, nyrtysh, upey, yushe, CAEP, suksyr, sukmor, find, Chuvash, Tatars, tour, tyuyges, grass, Tuncay, tapy, tyrma, tezekay, Hakim, syuish, shempetey, yurtysh, etemes, yurmysh, yurmy, yarat.<br /><br /> V PLEMYA TAMYAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Basha<br /> 2. Rhode kuyan<br /> 3. Rhode mulyut<br /> 4. Rhode myasagut<br /> 5. Rhode tamyan<br /> Generic unit: abzan, Ayu, AK suyyr, aktaban, alyurzan, aalkym, Batman, Baur, shoe, beyaley, beshkek, burash, buttuk, bugez, beyen, burzyan, bubyr, buky, bebelesh, bepene, dumey, sukty tyuyges, ishey , Kazakh seemed kaygul, Kara, Kara baltyr, hag, Karakalpak, Kara-Taba, Kara-tumyrtka, kulush, Alam kulush, Kuzya, kurshek, kuhep, kuyan, Kirghiz, kyrk Tamga, Malay, Mukasa, Mourad, mugyuz, Mice, sartaknay, sireuse, supeldek, sybar tumyrtka, pelvis, tamyan, tartan, Tatars, Tauli, timyas, tiptyar, tuyak, tuktubay, tyurey, tuzgalta, Toope, tevesh, unges, uguz, Sarta, Sarbaev, Hun, halber, shagman , Shakman, shagyr, Shamba, shegrey, shzker.<br /><br /> VI PLEMYA KYPSAK<br /><br /> 1. Rhode AK-kypsak, Sary kypsak, Turkmens kypsak<br /> Generic unit: aznabay, alabay, kalmak, Katai, katykulak, kusme, kuuk, Chuvash.<br /> 2. Rhode bushman-suun-kypsak<br /> Generic unit: akkul, akkyrman, besey, burus Turkmens storm kamgak, bysaksyz Cossack, isenkilde, kalmak, Kara tank kirey, Eat, kukse, munke, pelvis, Thaer, Turkmens, tuket, tangaur, haiskan, Sarybai, Sarah Baka Su-un, shirmesh, sirmesh, shepshe.<br /> 3. Rhode gerey-kypsak<br /> Generic unit: arslanbek, Asylbek, Wakhan, kabykkanat, kestey, flour, mursey, Nigmatov, tau, tize, tuygun, tyuyze, umresh, shauhiyak.<br /> 4. Rhode dzheteuru<br /> 5. Rhode kara-kypsak, kary-kypsak<br /> Generic unit: ah hi, Ayu, akkuz, atdzhitar, ahmadis, byuyen, Bireh, bulekey, dumbey, zhilder, zeke, Kazakh, Cairo, kalmak, retribution, kary, karakursak relate katyrmak, kiizkursak, kerpe, kuzgun, Kuzya, kuyun, kuksya, kunesek, keykene, mayryk, maytush, mukshy, mesekey, uskanysh, sapkyn, Roma, sirmesh, surakay, saitbattal, sekey, pelvis, tangyr, Tatars, tau, Tauli, timer, tiptyar, telke, tour, Turkmens tulebay, fog, uguz, sabash, haiskan, Sarta, suir, suun, erketbash, akrendar.<br /> 6. Rhode Karagan-kypsak<br /> Generic unit: abdulmembet, aitbay, aaltynbay, base baymakly, baynazar, bizmen, bugmash, busyk, bezmen, igeu, IMES, angrimes, isyangale, Kazakh, kazayak, kalmak, Kaltayev, hag, kirey, Kuzya, kushek, Kyzyl kepester, as moratsha, myugyuz, muhamedyar, mryas, mesyagut, megedey, nabiulla, eke, siskezek, sirmesh, surkuldak, sukmar, sugem, Chingiz, sekesh, serme, Tatars, tau, Tauli, tyukun, tyulebay, harmak, Satybaldiev, Hun, syrlybay, shauhiyak, sherbay, sharafetdin.<br /> 7. Rhode kypsak<br /> Generic unit: Aban, Abdrazakov, aysa, aysuak, alaganat, ataysal, baynazar, bayuly, basyr, bizeu Corporate Relocation, burzyan, gabzalil, tungaur, Duva-Saka, irpay, iskelyar, yumran, yyuan kunys, kalmak, kaltyrsa, kankys, Karagan , Karatun kypsak, Karja, kuzgun, kulman, Koro Eul Ayu, kurpes, kusey, kidras, kypsak, keze, Mazan, Mourad, muratkul, Muslim, membet, Navruz, bepey, leg, satuchin, sirvay, suksyr, Saito, SENC, tarbagan, Tatars, Turkmens, travay, tuybay, ukly-Karagan, halavar, sipash, huvyr, synryan, suun kypsak. suer, sharep, etkusyuk, Alipio, yurmaty, yakshi-hum, yanylar, yarat.<br /> 8. Rhode SENC-kypsak<br /> Generic unit: tank beshkek, beres, irlyan, kalmak, retribution, hag, Kara saryk, kuyun, kurtluk, kuyan, Kyzyl, robes, mishar, myshty, suge, sugen, sukre, Sura, sybar Taba, Chuvash, Tatars, Turkmens , Turgay, trash, tekshen, tekey, uguz, Urus, sarysh, elekeu, eskernek, etes.<br /> 9. Rhode sarysh-kypsak<br /> NORTHEAST BASHKIRY<br /><br /> I PLEMYA AY, Aileu<br /><br /> 1. Rhode karatavly, tabynmazar<br /> Generic unit: buskak, bures, retribution, karaikmak, kesertken, sirmesh, tabynmazar, pelvis, epte.<br /> 2. Rhode Turkmens<br /> Generic unit: Kirghiz, sutysh, turnamurun, enzhek.<br /> 3. Rhode tyrnakly<br /> Generic unit: bures, kumy, kukyurgek, uzun Barmakov, rahmunkul, tikeney, yulaman.<br /> 4. Rhode SARTHE-Aileu<br /> Generic unit: abdelhair, akimbet, akkush, aktyyak, alystar, ary, baish, bikmesh, biktimer, Bukhara, Bukeye, baubek, beshmek, zengir, Kazakh, kalmak, Karakalpak, karagul, karakusyuk, kashkalak, kisebay, kumer, kuvakan, kyzylbash , Kentey, Makhtar, mindebay, muzhyrym, Murza, whitebait, seben, sumes, Chuvash, pelvis, Tauli, tekesh, tenkey, urta Aimag, syrgyltyk, suir, Ryskulov, abdel, aleken, etimgen, etkusyuk.<br /> 5. Rod Hay, Aileu<br /> Generic unit: akimbet, altmyshkulak, Askari, askilde, bashkurt, bidergen, ishale, buskur, Bukhara, burangul, ismagil, Kazakh, kazangul, Kalma, kuluy, kumy, kusyuk, Cuza, kudey, kumer, kualdy bashkorty, kuyan, kyzylbash, kyyka, Kirghiz, mishar, Mustafa, muzhyrym, melikey, manzhe, salyut, sutek, Chuvash, sepre, serme, tabyn, pelvis, Tatars, tiptyar, tour, tugyz, tugyzak, tukul, Ural tukuly, Uzbek, Sarta, sergeldyk, etimgen , Etimgen Aileu, etkusyuk, ezhek, ah, ayzar, yamanay.<br /><br /> II PLEMYA KUDEY<br /><br /> 1. Rhode bulekey-kudey, bulek-kude<br /> Generic unit: Ayu, Daewoo, Daewoo kudey, kudey, leg, surash, find, Shaitan, alibay, arlyan.<br /> 2. Rhode KGZ-kudey<br /> Generic unit: Tauli, etkusyuk.<br /> 3. Rhode Turkmens-kudey<br /> Generic unit: kulush, maytyuba, selesh, pelvis, Tauli, Turkmens, fat, yuvey.<br /> 4. Rhode urman-kudey<br /> Generic unit: iskelyar, kazayak, tiptyar, urman, aptelman, yanylar.<br /> 5. Rhode Shaitan-kudey<br /> Generic unit: bures, kalmak relate kesertken, Kirghiz, serkem, tabuldy, tugyz, haybulla, shaytandar, eleke.<br /><br /> III PLEMYA MURZALAR, ULESHTE<br /><br /> Generic unit: aksuvash, baltagul, barkyldak, bishey, bures, yatimder, Cossack, kuzgun, kutlusura, Kutlu, kyrzy, mangul, mindiyar, sepoy, sulpy, syrzy, pelvis, Tavira, Tauli, Tungatarov, Shaitan.<br /><br /> IV PLEMYA DUVAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode ACBA<br /> Generic unit: Azamat, basyr, biksure, besem, ishmurat, kulsykay, kylysbay, Murza, nigmatulla, Rahmatullo, cheremis, saim, shaim, sekite, selimkul, hismat, Sharipov, alimguzha.<br /> 2. Rhode Duva<br /> Generic unit: bikzhen, biksura, kalmakkul, kahir, kulsykay, myuyat, sulpy, tabyn, tabyndy, umertey, Faiz, hismet, hayrzaman, Sharipov, ylasyn, yanybay, yauysh.<br /><br /> V PLEMYA KOSHSY<br /><br /> Generic unit: Akay, burangul, guzair, Kadyrov, kalmak, kulsykay, kusyakbirde, Muslim, metey, cheremis, Sultan, sekete, telke, tugyz, umertey, sabanak, SARTHE.<br /><br /> VI PLEMYA SYZGY, SYSKY<br /><br /> Generic unit: Ait, afridon, gulemiser, kalmak, kuruch, timer, mester, HKSAR tazhi, Abeche, ezhmek, eset, efsegit.<br /><br /> VII PLEMYA UPEY<br /><br /> Generic unit: Abulkhair, besey, gasaba, kilmeshek, mavlekay, cockroach, tarsyk, Ahmadis, yamash, yahyya.<br /><br /> VIII PLEMYA KATAY<br /><br /> a) gornolesnoy Bashkiria<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Idel-Katai<br /> 2. Rhode inzer-Katai<br /> Generic unit: assy, beymish, bepkey, Darkhan, dever, kalmak, memishan, dried apricots, Taba, Turkmens, Sarah.<br /> 3. Rhode kuzgun-Katai<br /> Generic unit: Ayu, alakurt, burten, Ilan, yuanbilyak, kalmak, katahaba, kuyan, keshen, myushket, agriculture, sylbyr, saryk, harysta, shukey.<br /><br /> b) in the north-east of Bashkiria<br /><br /> 1. Rhode ball-Katai<br /> Generic unit: altynbay, bursyk, ingesh, Yusupov seemed kaip, kalmak, kalmakkul, Kama, Karaban, kulsykay, kuyan, maskara, mezit, syty, Chuvash, telekey, uvak, salkyn, hornay, Yuldashev, yanybay.<br /> 2. Rhode Ulu Katai, Kara-Katai<br /><br /> c) Zaurale<br /><br /> 1. Rhode ball-Katai<br /> Generic unit: azgym, lady, vaktar, igelek, ishtek, Kazakh seemed kalmak, kulsykay, myustyuk, soup, syty, telekey, Turgay, Sarah, ekren.<br /> 2. Rhode Ulu Katai, Kara-Katai<br /> Generic unit: Ayu, gadelsha, kalmak, kulumbet.<br /> 3. Rhode yalan-Katai<br /> Generic unit: Bukhara, buish, buransy, Kazakh, kazanbay, kalmak, mishar, Tatars, tubaldy, tugyzak, fat, hakkul.<br /><br /> d) in West Bashkirii<br /><br /> Generic unit: biksagyl, ball-Katai, Bubi, beytek, besher, yumran, kazanlar, kalmak, Kara-Katai, and ride, taking a bite, KEK karyn, kekyurgek, Murtala, sabyr, Sarta, sede, tabyn, Tatars, tirmyangul, fog, shyrau, yabalak, yaryk suvete.<br /><br /> IX PLEMYA SALYUT, SALYUHUT, SALYUGUT<br /><br /> Generic unit: bure, ende, irkebay, kenembay, kushym, kyttytayar, sabyr.<br /><br /> X PLEMYA SYNRYAN<br /><br /> Generic unit: Ayu-synryan, kidras, synryan.<br /><br /> XI PLEMYA TERSYAK<br /><br /> Generic unit: butuk tersyak, found.<br /><br /> XII PLEMYA BIKATIN, MEKATIN<br /><br /> XIII PLEMYA KALMAK<br /><br /> Generic unit: blizzard, burangarak, Kara-kalmak, karashkak, Katai, pap, fist kuzhak, kuskilde, simke, turele, ayuka-kalmak.<br /><br /> XIV GROUP BASHKIRSKIE KAZAKI<br /><br /> Generic unit: ACBA, akkain, maroon, kalmak, Katai, kuyun, Kula, kulumbay, kuren, Roma, Salim.<br /><br /> XV PLEMYA TABYN<br /><br /> a) in the east of Bashkiria<br /><br /> 1. Rhode lady<br /> Generic unit: burus, bereken, butis, derdzhimen, davletbay, Kazakh, kalmak, karaelke, Kara ugez, kuluy, Kuzya, kuysary, Kostanay, kyzylbash, Kirghiz, Karim, kesek, mishar, Mustafa, dried apricots, sukur, Al-Sbei'i, sutek, find, tabyn, tuktagul, tuluptar, Turkmens, Tungatarov, teke, tupey, University, haiskan, sapash, Sarta, hupeis, syzgy, Schur Aileu.<br /> 2. Rhode kara-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: bidergen, golden eagle, burangul, butis, bezhekey, il-aimag, Ilek-aimag, kalmak, Kara tabyn, melikey, uzunlar, subey, sumet, pelvis, tastar, tuguzak, tuktubay, sigizek, Ismail, Aileu, absalyam.<br /> 3. Rhode kubelek<br /> Generic unit: baim, yuvashbay, Karagan, Musa subey, suvash, sandyr, tukus, utey, SARTHE.<br /> 4. Rhode telyau<br /> Generic unit: Kazakh, kaip, kyzylbash-Katai, kypsak, meskeu, fat, tuba, of Sary, henek.<br /><br /> b) in the central Bashkiria<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Duva-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: Asan, butnay seemed, Tatars, kalmak, kaskyn, kutras, kultay, flour, Murašov, usen, Chingiz, pelvis, tyukun, shelte.<br /> 2. Rhode yumran-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: kyuntugan, meshey, Tukum, haiskan, yamgyrsy.<br /> 3. Rhode kese-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: besey, beshkek, biktesh seemed, Tatars, kalmak, kansuyar, kahas, kurtlukay, Kirghiz, kyrkkuzyak, Mongolia, Manco, misher, mulash, memek, sirmesh, suvashberdey, pelvis, taygyn, Turkmens, suyunduk, shylty, sharep , Eltzshle.<br /> 4. Rhode kalser-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: akkuz, Bireh, yunys, kuskilde, kyygas, bitch, Turkmens, tyrnak, urankay, yabalak.<br /> 5. Rhode SARTHE-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: tzken, SARTHE-tabyn.<br /> 6. Rhode bishul-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: bayuly, golden eagle, suit-bishul, Jan bishul, Kama, kankys, hag, kinzyagul-bishul, Mirko, syaglayan-bishul, Tauli, haiskan, suyunduk-bishul, suyargul-bishul, abubakir.<br /> 7. Rhode bishul-ungar-tabyn, bishaul-ungar-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: Akira, arykbay, butey, Jan bishul, Kalman, kyuntugan, Masha, uranium, syaglayan-bishul, haiskan, yamgursy.<br /> 8. Rhode kumruk-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: Abdullah, abzak, barkyldak, shoe, bizmen, birzekey, bishkalak had, Kama, and ride, kilmuhamet, merkey, Tuva, shuras.<br /> 9. Rhode badrak-tabyn, buderek-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: alabay, gyryshky, ishkine, yarembet-badrak, sirmesh, heshem, azekey.<br /><br /> c) Zaurale<br /><br /> 1. Rhode lady-tabyn<br /> Generic unit: akunchuk, alakay, burangul, Ilek-aimag had, isyangul, Kazakh, kalmak, Katai, suvash, pelvis, Tatars, Tauke, the tour, Ismail, yulysh.<br /> 2. Rhode kara-tabyn, tabyn<br /> Generic unit: Abdrazakov, aysa, baydan, baynazar, gabzalil, Duva-Saka, isenbet, yumran, kalmak, Ilyas, kalmatay, Canli, Karja, Katai, kulman, kurpes, kypsak, Mazan, mines, Muslim, mukshy, mukshy-kaskyn , Rayman, Ramadan, Salda, suvash, suvashay, garden, Saito, Sankoh, tabyn, Tatars, Turkmens, tuktar, tenes, sharep, Alipio, Yuldashev, yuly, yaik, yakshimbet, yakshigul, yanaly.<br /><br /> XVI PLEMYA KUVAKAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode elan-kuvakan<br /> 2. Rhode kyrkule-kuvakan<br /> Generic unit: flour, Aileu.<br /> 3. Rhode Satka-kuvakan<br /> 4. Rhode Sagitov-kuvakan<br /> 5. Rhode tau kuvakan<br /> 6. Rhode tubelyas-kuvakan, tubalas-kuvakan<br /> Generic unit: aktamak-kuvakan, kalmak, kakash-mukesh, kudey, Kyrgyz, Mongol, eresten, syumey, syumey Gundara, teshtek, Uzbek.<br /><br /> XVII PLEMYA SYRZY<br /><br /> Generic unit: kurman, kyrktar, dried apricots, Abel.<br /> Southwest BASHKIRY<br /><br /> I PLEMYA MIN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode il-cul-min, ilkey-min<br /> Generic unit: aznay, row, ilsekey-min, kunkas, nougat, Chuvash, yulaman.<br /> 2. Rhode aznay-il-cul-min, aznay-min<br /> Generic unit: aldar, row, ishteke, yambulat, Yamato, kalmak, Karataev, Kuzya, kuchukbay, kusyarbay, leg, sirvay, Sumar suvash, Tauke, teylegyan, tube, Sarta, jackals, Ayub, yulaman, yangyl.<br /> 3. Rhode ilsekey-il-cul-min, ilsekey-min<br /> 4. Rhode kunkas-il-kul-min, kunkas-min<br /> Generic unit: Biktachev, burzyan, Bakir, ilkey, ishteke, kalmak, Karataev, kurmanay, kushyldy, kuskey, Kirghiz, Musa, leg, cheremis, suvash, seperey, tamyan, tau, timekey, fat, yrsay, yulaman, Yuldashev, yabalak .<br /> 5. Rhode cul-il-min<br /> Generic unit: baydykay, sirmesh, serembet, URSA, Sarybai, yabalak.<br /> 6. Rhode Kubo-min<br /> Generic unit: Asyl-Kubo, bartal, batyrsha, burnak, Kirghiz, mishar, Murza, Safar, pelvis, tau, tulak, tuak.<br /> 7. Rhode kyrk-uyle-min<br /> Generic unit: alty, asylkay, baydykay, bayrykay, balgazhi, beytek, besher, kalmak, Katai, Bath, Kuzya, kupey, kyuk-karyn, kyuk-yurgek, bites, kuyan, kyyka, kyndyr, Kirghiz, Murtala, mursekey, sabyr , Sarta, serembet, sirmesh, suvash, sepre, serme, Tatars, telyak, tour, fog, URSA, Sarta, suergul, shyrau, Sharipov, ezhekey, yulbars, yabalak, yaryk suvete.<br />8. Rhode mines, minlyar<br /> Generic unit: kalmak, kalmatay, Canli, kypsak, mines, mukshy, kaskyn mukshy, surash, suvash, tenes, Yuldashev.<br /> 9. Rhode Mirko-min<br /> Generic unit: baim, retribution, kinzekey, pelvis.<br /> 10. Rhode urshak-min<br /> Generic unit: vaklar, kuyan, murzay, sirmesh, sumsyra, sheltey.<br /> 11. Rhode Sarhat-min, saryly-min<br /> 12. Rhode syby-min, suby-min<br /> Generic unit: Remote syby-min, bikkine, Ishmukhametov, Kutushev, myrzay, symsyra, tiptyar, shyltrak, yangarys, yaik-syby-min, ACCA, akkylay, akkul, baltas, biyan, damask, zufar, Kuzya, mail, leg , Ramash, sambay, surayman, sepyash, sauban, susar, Turkmens, tugyz.<br /><br /> IRGIZ-KAMELIKSKIE BASHKIRY in Samara and Saratov region<br /><br /> 1. Rhode bishul<br /> Generic unit: bishul, iskelyar, ishey, Katai, kypsak, munash, Mourad, muratkul, muratsha, sirvay, Sade, tabyn, Turkmens, tuybay, Abuzar, yanylar.<br /> 2. Rhode Sade, ASEM<br /> Generic unit: apandy, bishey, burzyan, tangaur, kunys yuan, kaltyrsak, karatun-kypsak, Katai, Kuru Eul Ayu, kypsak, keze, Mice, suksyr, saze, tabyn, grass, hangilde, suun kypsak, yarat.<br /> Northwest BASHKIRY<br /><br /> I PLEMYA BULYAR<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Kadyr<br /> Generic unit: gasaba, tiptyar.<br /> 2. Rhode myshyga<br /><br /> II PLEMYA BAYLAR, BAYLYAR<br /><br /> 1. Rhode baylar, baylyar<br /> Generic unit: baysabu, baysyby, Bubi, derbesh, kazanlar, Katai, kurman, leg, usher-eney, salagush-baylar, salagush-eney, Salman, surash-baylar, Tatars, tiptyar-baylar, Turkmens, tukbirde, round, yrys , Atyas-baylar.<br /> 2. Rhode kalmash<br /> 3. Rhode salagush<br /> 4. Rhode surash<br /><br /> III PLEMYA YURMI, YURMY<br /><br /> Generic unit: gasaba, isay-gasaba seemed keshese, kazannar, tiptyar, urman-yurmy, aptelmen, yasashny seemed keshese.<br /><br /> IV PLEMYA IREKTE<br /><br /> Generic unit: alpaut, batykay, bashkurt, Bukhara, Dauth, davek, ishele, KADYRBAEV, kazanbay seemed Halk, kugen, syurmet, suyurmet, timresh, tiptyar, tungekle, yappar.<br /><br /> V PLEMYA ENEY<br /><br /> 1. Rhode bugazy<br /> 2. Rhode kambar<br /> Generic unit: akkuz, Al, ahun, duerenner, eney bashkurty, eney tiptyare, masekey, Mari, surakay, Tauli, surash, churash, yrykay.<br /> 3. Rhode tugyz<br /><br /> VI PLEMYA GERE<br /><br /> 1. Kin-il gere, Idel-gere<br /> Generic unit: How tubetey, zaynulla, muyten, mutin, muksin, Mahmut, toyak, Hassan.<br /> 2. Rhode urman-gere<br /> Generic unit: aldar, baygilde, Baltacha, baltky, bashkurt, gabidulla, dayat, kazankeshese, kankilde, kildelyar, kulmamet, kultami, kushyk gere, Tausch, tashbulat, tiptyar, tuykesh, tukbirde, Haidar, shadyrbay, yanbusa.<br /><br /> VII PLEMYA KIRGIZ<br /><br /> 1. Rhode kadykay-Kirghiz<br /> Generic unit: akkush, arzamatovlar, bikbalta, Burhan, kazanlar, kelkabyz, kukkush, kuchum, Kirghiz, Mansour, sirmesh, Saul, TOUATI, shurele-tiptyar.<br /> 2. Rhode tenkey-Kirghiz<br /><br /> VIII PLEMYA ELAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Idel-elan<br /> 2. Rhode KGZ-elan<br /> Generic unit: bulyak, Iskender, islamgul, Kara-kypsak, kuyan, tezey.<br /> 3. Rhode eske-elan<br /> Generic unit: badrak, elan, kugersen, Yakutia.<br /><br /> IX PLEMYA ELDYAK, ELDYAT<br /><br /> 1. Kin-Bure eldyak<br /> 2. Rhode KGZ-eldyak<br /> 3. Rhode Ufa-eldyak<br /><br /> X PLEMYA Canli, KANGLY<br /><br /> 1. Rhode Aktau-kangly acts, Canli<br /> Generic unit: burangul, Bakhtiar, yarkey, mulekesh, melekes, Sultan, Hamit.<br /> 2. Rhode idel-kangly<br /> Generic unit: bashkurt tyubege, gumerovlar, lawsuit-Gumerov bashkurty, Ishma, Karachi-elga bashkurty, Kulbaev, kurman, mishar, tiptyar bashkorty, ersekey.<br /> 3. Rhode KGZ-kangly, syndash-kangly<br /> Generic unit: shoe, kizhe, kudey, Kuzya, kuvakan, kukar, sirmesh, sagyzak, hayyskan.<br /> 4. Rhode yurektau-kangly, yurakty-kangly<br /> Generic unit: ishtekey, Karim.<br /><br /> XI PLEMYA DUVANEY, DUVAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode elkysy<br /><br /> XII PLEMYA KARSHIN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode hag-karshin<br /> 2. Rhode kadryay-karshin<br /> 3. Rhode satlygan-karshin, Akbas-karshin<br /> Generic unit: hag, mishar, myushtek, persian, cheremis.<br /><br /> XIII PLEMYA TAZ<br /><br /> XIV PLEMYA UVANYSH, MAVYSH<br /><br /> NORTHERN BASHKIRY<br /><br /> I PLEMYA URANIUM<br /><br /> 1. Rhode urman-urany<br /> Generic unit: Alburo, Al, arzhak, bulgair, ishey aimag, tour, shudek, sherekey.<br /><br /> II PLEMYA GAYNA, TARHAN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode beads-gayna<br /> 2. Rhode mule-gayna<br /> Generic unit: Al, bye, beads, istyak, ishbulatovlar, kazanbaevlar, kuskar, kypsak, karievlar, maksey, mishar, murashevlar, mamet, nukshy, sabirovlar, Sakai, sarashbash, sirmesh, subhangulovlar, sybar dzhien, taymas, tarazovlar, taubash, timganovlar, Turgay, usay, Shaba, eskere dzhien, ayzuak, eremes.<br /> 3. Rod Toole-gayna<br /> 4. Rhode tour gayna<br /><br /> III PLEMYA TANYP<br /><br /> 1. Rhode kazanchi<br /> 2. Rhode kaypan<br /> Generic unit: Kudashov, kelteu, saldau, sherdek, Suzanna.<br /> 3. Rhode kara-tanyp, KGZ-tanyp<br /> Generic unit: hag, kumuch, tartan, teylegan, aptel, etes.<br /> 4. Kin Su-tanyp, Sul-tanyp<br /> Generic unit: scarlet, arykbay, Baltacha, Ileka, yaulybay, kalmurza, Mandy, sumanay, tyunsura.<br /><br /> IV PLEMYA SUNARSY, SUUN, UN<br /><br /> 1. Rhode tales<br /> Generic unit: akbulyak, damask, arykbay, baltay, gumerovlar, kulmurza, mansurovlar, muslimovlar, Mandy, sumanay, shamekey.<br /> 2. Rhode KGZ-un<br /> Generic unit: bulyakovlar, Nura, sayrak.<br /> 3. Kin Su-un<br /> 4. Rhode Univ<br /><br /> IV PLEMYA BALYKSY<br /><br /> Generic unit: atnaly, kalmak, kulsykay, find, tyulke, tyurkey.<br /><br /> Crawling, html-version © AV Gorokhov<br /> Crawled from the book "Bashkirsko-ruskij Dictionary", published in © "DIGORA", "Russian language", Moscow<br /> SpyLOG Reyting@Mail.ru TOP100<br /> Home<br /> Yandex Advertising on the Yandex Help Hide<br /> <br /> Abstracts<br /> <br /> Yandex Advertising on the Yandex Help Show Close<br /> <br /> Abstracts<br /><br /><h4 align="justify"><table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="90%"><tbody><tr><td align="center" valign="top"><h2 align="center"><b><b>БАШКИРСКИЕ ПЛЕМЕНА, РОДЫ, РОДОВЫЕ ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ в 18-19 вв.<br /></b></b></h2></td><td align="right" valign="top"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr size="2" noshade="noshade"> <b><br /><br /> </b></h4><h3 align="center"><b>ЮГО-ВОСТОЧНЫЕ БАШКИРЫ</b></h3> <p> </p><dd><b>I ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/yurmaty.html" title="Юрматы">ЮРМАТЫ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД кармыш </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аиткул, аккубяк, абыз, бикзян, ибрай, кудаш, кусяр, кара-туяк, кабырга, калмак, килмыш, мокша, саде, саз, сиксянтояк, тунгатар, саркай, этэмэс. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД мишар-юрматы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бакай, макар, сункэ. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД ногай-юрматы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: арлар, юаннар, йэйен, мугаш. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД тальтим </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: азнай, аит, аю, башкир, бишкадак, бурзян, габзалил, даут, ильсектимер, ишмурат, елембет, кайнау, калмак, каныкай, кара, кармыш, касым, кузгун, кызылбаш, кырау, минзеля, мышы, уметбай, усен, саран, турдакын, хусаин, халабаш, шакир, шэкзр, айткул, юлдашбай, юрматы, ярылкап, яугильде. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД татигас </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: айтуган, алатубэ, калмак, кортлас, мерэтэк, сурэ, сэлеш, сэтэй, табылды, тейелдэк. </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД юрматы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: айбаш, аю, аюсы, бикей, биккининдар, бишэйлэ, азнабай, бускун, бурзян, бэпкэ, илсегул, ирале, исянбирде, юмак, кэзэ, казаккул, калмак, карабильгау, кара, карга, кашкаймак, кудаш, кузгун, култай, кусяпэй, кудей, куян, кэсим, майрык, мустафа, муллакай, муса, салдый, серек, сибек, сувашай, сэтэй, табын, таз, турна, тубай, тызым, уракай, узбек, шалавар, шурале, шымтыр, юлдаш, юлый, юрматы, якшембэт. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>II ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/burzan.html" title="Бурзян">БУРЗЯН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД баюлы-бурзян </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю, айхай, атайсал, баюлы, бэрсэ, бурэй, исамбакта, каир, калмак, кара, карый , кузгун, керпе, кэйкэнэ, кэшвар, майтамак, мишар, мускэ, мэсекай, сангыт, сэкэй, тангор, тау, турна, туркмен, тума. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД бурзян </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: айгулак, айхай, апанды, атайсал, байсары, баюлы, бикзян, бишул, буян, бурзян, букэн, бэгэнэш, бэзмэн, бакир, бэллэ, бепей, бэшэр, валиулла, гайса, гумер, даут, зайхан, игэу, илкэй, ишбулат, иштэкэ, ишэй, йылан, йылыш, яналы, кустур, куселяр, кудышкултык, кэгэн, казах, кадыргул, кайепкул, калмак, калтырса, кама, канкыс, карабай, карагай, каранай, каратай, каратун кыпсак, катай, кузгун, кукай, кулдавлет, куру юл аю, кузян, куян, кызылбаш, кыпсак, кэзэ, кэкере, мазан, мишар, муксин, мунаш, мурадым, мураткул, муратша, миндегул, навруз, нурале, уйряк, усэн, пэпэч, рэмэй, сирвай, сирмеш, суксур, сулсэ, султан, сыскан, чуваш, сэнкем, сарт, сарыш, таз, таиш, тамъян, тартай, татар, татлыбай, тавабил, тавыктар, телекей, тимекэй, туркмен, тубал, туйбай, тукай, туктагул, тума, халит, худайгул, хузит, сарт, саискан, суун кыпсак, шагырбай, шекэрэ, шугем, ырсай, урусбай, эндэшмэс, эткусту, юкэ, юлдаш, юлый, юрматы, юшем, ябалак, ялтыр, яналы, янылар, ярат, яузар. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД мунаш </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ай-урмэстэр, аргынбай, бесэй, биян, губайдулла, етикэй, иткул, казах, кадыргул, калмак, каракалпак, кукай, кухамыш, куян, муктэрге, урлук, саркылдак, сукты-таяк, чувашбай, чингиз, сэмэтэй, татар, таулы, тау, ташбаш, хабтан, самар, эткусту, яйкар. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД ногай-бурзян </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: баим, бурэ, габдряш, казах, калмак, кузян, кусюк, киргиз, кыл, мунаш, серэкэй, сэкэнэй, татар, таулы, эптерэш, кызыл ногай. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД ямаш </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: башмак, жалбай, казах, калмак, кинзябулат, курт, кырдар, кыуык, ушэй, черемис, ситрык, сэтэй, тартай, татар, таулы, тупитэр, шугильды, шэмэк, ямаш. </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД янсары, жанса </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ай-урмэстэр, асыл, баиш, бирдегул, калмак, карагуш, кара-табан, кыдрай, урлук, самар, чингиз, чуваш, татар, тавабил, таулы, таук. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>III ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/usergan.html" title="Усерган">УСЕРГАН</a>, МУЙТЕН </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД аю </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю, юмагужа, казах, кадыр, куян, кунгэй, кыл-кара, майки, нагман, сураш, тэтэнбэт, утэгэн, юныс. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД бишей, бишуй </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: байсура, бэдэн, ибрай, ибанай, ишбулды, юмакай, ягафар, казах, кыл-кара, найман, ногай, сарагул, тажик, турумтай, тэлькэ, туркмен, хасан, ыласын, эйтэмбэт. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД буре </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аргын, буребай, ибанай, казах, майрык. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД сураш </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абдулла, байтал, буйлыккан, иман, юмакай, калмак, каралар, куян, кыпсак, кэрэкэй, мурзагале, мышы, сукмар, туркмен, ур, усмак. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД усерган </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю, кызыр аю, акрын, алабай, апал, апанды, аргын казах, акхак, байиш, бакабаш, бишэй, бурай, бурзян, бускун, букэнбаш, буре, ишембай, ишэй, юванай, елкыбай, жансары, яшелхурпа, кабык, казах, казанлар, калмак, каракалпак, каратабан, каратамак, каратун кыпсак, каташ, каукылдак, култай, кураиш, куру юл аю, кутукай, кунак, купай, кураныс, курмас, кубаляк-тиляу, курек, кучербай, кэпэк, кэрсен, ккэвяк, лаурьян, мустафа, музкэлдэк, мышыя, мамбэт, назар, улу кэпэс, услубаш, экэ, эркенбай, ушэ, сарба, сиртмеш, сугэтэ, сулмэк, сутэр, сувайкыуак, пэсэй, тазлар, таз, тартай, татар, тавай, таулы, тэлкэ, туман куз, торна, туркмен, уюра, ураз, усерган, хангильде, хаискан, суун кыпсак, хуур, шаик, шаяхмет, шапак, шешей, шурале, элбэй, эмин, юлдашбай, ябас, ярат. </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД шишей </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: яухар, капкак, карасабак, катыкурут, кыпсак, мулюк, масекэй, тавай, шумэн, абил. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IV ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/tangaur.html" title="Тангаур">ТАНГАУР</a>, ТУНГАУР, ДУНГАУР </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД тунгаур </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: актай, апанды, апты-рак, арат, аслай, ахлай, байрака, бесэй, бизмэн, бикчентай, бикэтиш, бикатин, буркуткус, букэт, буре, бэрэшэн, тархан, думбэй, дунгаур, загит, игэу, имес, исембай, юуан куныс, юшкы, яшкэ, кабан, казах, калмак, камгак, карабейек, кашкар, кряшен, килмешэк, кузян,куйун, кумука, куршэк, кукмис, кугэун, кусэн, кубоу, мурзагилды, мышаяк, максют, ныртыш, упей, юшэ, саер, суксыр, сукмор, сыскан, чуваш, татар, турна, тюйгэс, травой, тункай, тапый, тырма, тэзекай, хаким, сюиш, шемпетэй, юртыш, этэмэс, юрмыш, юрмый, ярат. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>V ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/tamjan.html" title="Тамьян">ТАМЬЯН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД башай </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД куян </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД мулют </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД мясагут </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД тамьян </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абзан, аю, ак суйыр, актабан, алюрзан, аалкым, батман, баур, башмак, бейалэй, бешкэк, бураш, буттук,бугэз, бейэн, бурзян, бубыр, букый, бэбэлэш, бэпэнэ, думэй, сукты тюйгэс, ишэй, казах, казан, кайгул, кара, кара балтыр, карга, каракалпак, кара-табан, кара-тумыртка, кулуш, алама кулуш, кузян, куршэк, кухэп, куян, киргиз, кырк тамга, малай, мукас, мурадым, мугюз, мышы, сартакнай, сирэусе, супелдэк, сыбар тумыртка, таз, тамьян, тартай, татар, таулы, тимяс, типтяр, туяк, туктубай, тюрэй, тузгалта, туп, тэвэш, унгэс, угуз, сарт, сарбай, хуна, халбер, шагман, шакман, шагыр, шамбы, шегрэй, шзкэр. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VI ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kypsak.html" title="Кыпсак">КЫПСАК</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД ак-кыпсак, сары-кыпсак, туркмен кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: азнабай, алабай, калмак, катай, катыкулак, кусмэ, куук, чуваш. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД бушман-суун-кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аккуль, аккырман, бесэй, бурус туркмен, буре камгак, бысаксыз казак, исенкилде, калмак, кара бака, кирей, кушай, куксэ, мункэ, таз, таир, туркмен, тукэт, тангаур, хаискан, сарыбай, сары бака, су-ун, ширмеш, сирмеш, шэпшэ. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД гэрэй-кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: арсланбек, асылбек, вахан, кабыкканат, кэстэй, мукай, мурсэй, нигмат, тау, тизэ, туйгун, тюйзе, умрэш, шаухияк. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД джетеуру </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД кара-кыпсак, карый-кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ай хай, аю, аккуз, атджитар, ахмадис, бюйэн, бире, булэкэй, думбэй, жилдэр, зеке, казах, каир, калмак, кара, карый, каракурсак, касау, катырмак, киизкурсак, керпе, кузгун, кузян, куюн, кукся, кунэсек, кэйкэнэ, майрык, майтуш, мукшы, мэсекэй, усканыш, сапкын, цыган, сирмеш, суракай, саитбаттал, сэкэй, таз, тангыр, татар, тау, таулы, тимер, типтяр, тэлкэ, турна, туркмен, тулебай, тума, угуз, сабаш, хаискан, сарт, суир, суун, эркетбаш, акрэндар. </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД карагай-кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абдулмэмбэт, аитбай, аалтынбай, базан, баймаклы, байназар, бизмэн, бугмаш, бусык, бэзмэн, игэу, имес, ангримес, исянгале, казах, казаяк, калмак, калтай, карга, кирей, кузян, кушек, кызыл кэпэстэр, мере, моратша, мюгюз, мухамедьяр, мряс, месягут, мэгэдей, набиулла, экэ, сискэзек, сирмеш, суркулдак, сукмар, сугем, чингиз, сэкэш, сэрмэ, татар, тау, таулы, тюкун, тюлебай, хармак, сатыбалы, хуна, сырлыбай, шаухияк, шербай, шарафетдин. </b></dd><dd><b>7. РОД кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абан, абдразак, айса, айсуак, алаганат, атайсал, байназар, баюлы, басыр, бизэу салбар, бурзян, габзалил, тунгаур, дуван-сакал, ирпай, искеляр, юмран, йыуан куныс, калмак, калтырса, канкыс, карагай, каратун кыпсак, карьяу, кузгун, кулман, коро юл аю, курпес, кусэй, кидрас, кыпсак, кэзэ, мазан, мурадым, мураткул, муслим, мэмбэт, навруз, бэпэй, ногай, сатучин, сирвай, суксыр, саит, сэнкем, тарбаган, татар, туркмен, травай, туйбай, уклы-карагай, халавар, сипаш, хувыр, сынрян, суун кыпсак. суер, шареп, эткусюк, алип, юрматы, якши-гул, янылар, ярат. </b></dd><dd><b>8. РОД сэнкем-кыпсак </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бака, бешкэк, бэрэс, ирлян, калмак, кара, карга, кара сарык, куюн, куртлук, куян, кызыл, мантый, мишар, мыштый, сугэ, сугэн, сукрэ, сура, сыбар табан, чуваш, татар, туркмен, тургай, траш,тэкшэн, тэкэй, угуз, урус, сарыш, элэкэу, эскэрнэк, этэс. </b></dd><dd><b>9. РОД сарыш-кыпсак </b><h3 align="center"><b>СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОЧНЫЕ БАШКИРЫ</b></h3> <p> </p></dd><dd><b>I ПЛЕМЯ АЙ, <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/ajle.html" title="Айле">АЙЛЕ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД каратавлы, табынмазар </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бускак, бурес, кара, караикмак, кесерткэн, сирмеш, табынмазар, таз, эпте. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД туркмен </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: киргиз, сутыш, турнамурун, энжек. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД тырнаклы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бурес, кумый, кукюргек, узун бармак, рахмункул, тикэнэй, юламан. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД сарт-айле </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абделхаир, акимбэт, аккуш, актыяк, алыстар, арый, баиш, бикмеш, биктимер, бухар, букей, баубэк, бэшмэк, зэнгир, казах, калмак, каракалпак, карагул, каракусюк, кашкалак, кисебай, кумер, кувакан, кызылбаш, кэнтэй, махтар, миндебай, мужырым, мурза, малек, себен, сумес, чуваш, таз, таулы, тэкеш, тэнкэй, урта аймак, сыргылтык, суир, рыскул, абдэл, алекэн, этимгэн, эткусюк. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД ай, айле </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: акимбэт, алтмышкулак, аскар, аскильде, башкурт, бидергэн, ишале, бускур, бухар, бурангул, исмагил, казах, казангул, калмах, кулуй, кумый, кусюк, кузай, кудей, кумер, куалды башкорты, куян, кызылбаш, кыйка, киргиз, мишар, мустафа, мужырым, мэликэй, манже, сальют, сутек, чуваш, сэпрэ, сэрмэ, табын, таз, татар, типтяр, турна, тугыз, тугызак, тукул, урал тукулы, узбек, сарт, сэргэлдык, этимгэн, этимгэн айле, эткусюк, эжэк, ай, айзар, яманай. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>II ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kudej.html" title="Кудей">КУДЕЙ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД булэкэй-кудей, булэк-куде </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю, дэу, дэу кудей, кудей, ногай, сураш, сыскан, шайтан, алибай, арлян. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кыр-кудей </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: таулы, эткусюк. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД туркмен-кудей </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: кулуш, майтюба, сэлеш, таз, таулы, туркмен, тукай, ювэй. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД урман-кудей </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: искеляр, казаяк, типтяр, урман, аптельман, янылар. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД шайтан-кудей </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бурес, калмак, касай, кесерткэн, киргиз, сэркэм, табулды, тугыз, хайбулла, шайтандар, элекэ. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>III ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/murzalar.html" title="Мурзалар">МУРЗАЛАР</a>, УЛЭШТЭ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аксуваш, балтагул, баркылдак, бишей, бурес, ятимдэр, казак, кузгун, кутлусура, кутлу, кырзы, мангул, миндияр, сипай, сулпы, сырзы, таз, тавир, таулы, тунгатар, шайтан. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IV ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/duvan.html" title="Дуван">ДУВАН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД акбай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: азамат, басыр, биксурэ, бэсем, ишмурат, кулсыкай, кылысбай, мурза, нигматулла, рахматулла, черемис, саим, шаим, сэкитэ, сэлимкул, хисмат, шарип, алимгужа. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД дуван </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бикжэн, биксура, калмаккул, кахир, кулсыкай, мюйат, сулпы, табын, табынды, умэртэй, фаиз, хисмэт, хайрзаман, шарип, ыласын, яныбай, яуыш. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>V ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/koshsy.html" title="Кошсы">КОШСЫ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: акай, бурангул, гузаир, кадыр, калмак, кулсыкай, кусякбирде, муслим, мэтэй, черемис, султан, сэкетэ, тэлкэ, тугыз, умэртэй, сабанак, сарт. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VI ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/syzgy.html" title="Сызгы">СЫЗГЫ</a>, СЫСКЫ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аит, афридон, гулемисэр, калмак, куруч, тимер, мэстер, сарга, тажи, абеш, эжмэк, эсэт, эфсэгит. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/upej.html" title="Упей">УПЕЙ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абулхаир, бесэй, гасаба, килмешэк, мавлекай, таракан, тарсык, ахмадий, ямаш, яхыя. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VIII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kataj.html" title="Катай">КАТАЙ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>а) в горнолесной Башкирии </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД идель-катай </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД инзер-катай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ассы, бэймиш, бэпкэй, дархан, дэвэр, калмак, мэмишан, урюк, табан, туркмен, сары. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД кузгун-катай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю, алакурт, буртэн, илан, юанбиляк, калмак, катахаба, куян, кэшен, мюшкэт, сель, сылбыр, сарык, харыста, шукэй. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>б) в северо-восточной Башкирии </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД бала-катай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алтынбай, бурсык, ингеш, юсуп, казан, каип, калмак, калмаккул, кама, карабай, кулсыкай, куян, маскара, мэзит, сытый, чуваш, телэкэй, увак, салкын, хорнай, юлдаш, яныбай. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД улу-катай, кара-катай </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>в) в Зауралье </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД бала-катай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: азгым, барын, вактар, игелек, иштэк, казах, казан, калмак, кулсыкай, мюстюк, супай, сытый, телэкэй , тургай, сары, экрен. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД улу-катай, кара-катай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю, гадельша, калмак, кулумбет. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД ялан-катай </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бухар, буиш, бурансы, казах, казанбай, калмак, мишар, татар, тубалды, тугызак, тукал, хаккул. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>г) в Западной Башкирии </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: биксагыл, бала-катай, буби, бэйтэк, бэшэр, юмран, казанлар, калмак, кара-катай, катай, кусан, кек карын, кекюргэк, муртай, сабыр, сарт, сэде, табын, татар, тирмянгул, тума, шырау, ябалак, ярык сувэтэ. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IX ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/saljut.html" title="Сальют">САЛЬЮТ</a>, САЛЬЮХУТ, САЛЬЮГУТ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бурэ, енде, иркебай, кенембай, кушым, кыттытаяр, сабыр. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>X ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/synran.html" title="Сынрян">СЫНРЯН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аю-сынрян, кидрас, сынрян. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XI ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/tersjak.html" title="Терсяк">ТЕРСЯК</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бутук терсяк, сыскан. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/bikatin.html" title="Бикатин">БИКАТИН</a>, МЭКАТИН </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XIII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kalmak.html" title="Калмак">КАЛМАК</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: буран, бурангарак, кара-калмак, карашкак, катай, кашка, кулак, кужак, кускильде, симкэ, турэле, аюка-калмак. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XIV ГРУППА БАШКИРСКИЕ КАЗАКИ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: акбай, аккаин, бурак, калмак, катай, куйун, кулай, кулумбай, курэн, цыган, салим. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XV ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/tabyn.html" title="Табын">ТАБЫН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>а) в восточной Башкирии </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД барын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бурус, бэрэкэн, бутис, дэрджимэн, давлетбай, казах, калмак, караелкэ, кара угез, кулуй, кузян, куйсары, кустанай, кызылбаш, киргиз, карим, кэсэк, мишар, мустафа, урюк, сукур, субей, сутек, сыскан, табын, туктагул, тулуптар, туркмен, тунгатар, тэкэ, тупэй, ун, хаискан, сапаш, сарт, хупэис, сызгы, шуран, айле. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кара-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бидергэн, беркут, бурангул, бутис, бэжэкэй, иль-аймагы, илек-аймагы, калмак, кара табын, мэликэй, узунлар, субэй, сумэт, таз, тастар, тугузак, туктубай, сигизэк, исмаил, айле, абсалям. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД кубэлэк </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: баим, ювашбай, карагай, муса, субэй, суваш, сандыр, тукус, утэй, сарт. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД теляу </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: казах, каип, кызылбаш-катай, кыпсак, мэскэу, тук, тубал, сары, хэнэк. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>б) в центральной Башкирии </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД дуван-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: асан, бутнай, казан-татар, калмак, каскын, кутрас, култай, мукай, мураш, усэн, чингиз, таз, тюкун, шэлте. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД юмран-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: кюнтуган, мэшэй, тукум, хаискан, ямгырсы. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД кесе-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бесэй, бешкэк, биктэш, казан-татар, калмак, кансуяр, кахас, куртлукай, киргиз, кырккузяк, монгол, манкы, мишэр, мулаш, мэмэк, сирмеш, сувашбердэй, таз, тайгын, туркмен, суюндук, шылты, шареп, элтзшле. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД кальсер-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аккуз, бире, юныс, кускилде, кыйгас, сукай, туркмен, тырнак, уранкай, ябалак. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД сарт-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: тзкэн, сарт-табын. </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/bishul.html" title="Бишул">бишул</a>-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: баюлы, беркут, иске-бишул, ян-бишул, кама, канкыс, карга, кинзягул-бишул, миркит, сяглаян-бишул, таулы, хаискан, суюндук-бишул, суяргул-бишул, абубакир. </b></dd><dd><b>7. РОД бишул-унгар-табын, бишаул-унгар-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: акир, арыкбай, бутэй, ян-бишул, калман, кюнтуган, машай, уран, сяглаян-бишул, хаискан, ямгурсы. </b></dd><dd><b>8. РОД <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kumruk.html" title="Кумрук">кумрук</a>-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абдулла, абзак, баркылдак, башмак, бизмен, бирзекэй, бишкалак, имел, кама, катай, килмухамет, мэркей, тувал, шурас. </b></dd><dd><b>9. РОД <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/badrak.html" title="Бадрак">бадрак</a>-табын, будэрэк-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алабай, гырышкы, ишкинэ, ярембэт-бадрак, сирмеш, хэшэм, азекэй. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>в) в Зауралье </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД барын-табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: акунчук, алакай, бурангул, илек-аймагы, имел, исянгул, казах, калмак, катай, суваш, таз, татар, таук, турна, исмаил, юлыш. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кара-табын, табын </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: абдразак, айса, байдан, байназар, габзалил, дуван-сакал, исэнбэт, юмран, калмак, ильяс, калматай, канлы, карьяу, катай, кулман, курпэс, кыпсак, мазан, мин, муслим, мукшы, мукшы-каскын, райман, рамазан, салдый, суваш, сувашай, саде, саит, санкем, табын, татар, туркмен, туктар, тэнес, шареп, алип, юлдаш, юлый, яик, якшимбет, якшигул, яналы. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XVI ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kuvakan.html" title="Кувакан">КУВАКАН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД елан-кувакан </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кыркуле-кувакан </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: мукой, айле. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД сатка-кувакан </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД сагит-кувакан </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД тау-кувакан </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД тубэляс-кувакан, тубалас-кувакан </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: актамак-кувакан, калмак, какаш-мукэш, кудей, киргиз, монгол, эрэстэн, сюмэй, сюмэй гундар, тэштэк, узбек. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XVII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/syrzy.html" title="Сырзы">СЫРЗЫ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: курман, кырктар, урюк, абел. </b><h3 align="center"><b>ЮГО-ЗАПАДНЫЕ БАШКИРЫ</b></h3> <p> </p></dd><dd><b>I ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/min.html" title="Мин">МИН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД иль-куль-мин, илькей-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: азнай, бузан, илсекэй-мин, кункас, нугай, чуваш, юламан. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД азнай-илъ-куль-мин, азнай-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алдар, бузан, иштэкэ, ямбулат, ямат, калмак, каратай, кузян, кучукбай, кусярбай, ногай, сирвай, сумар, суваш, таук, тэйлэгян, тубэ, сарт, шакай, аюб, юламан, янгыл. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД илсекэй-иль-куль-мин, илсекэй-мин </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД кункас-илъ-кулъ-мин, кункас-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бикташ, бурзян, бакир, илкэй, иштэкэ, калмак, каратай, курманай, кушылды, кускэй, киргиз, муса, ногай, черемис, суваш, сэпэрэй, тамьян, тау, тимекэй, тукай, ырсай, юламан, юлдаш, ябалак. </b></dd><dd><b>5. РОД куль-иль-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: байдыкай, сирмеш, серембэт, урсай, сарыбай, ябалак. </b></dd><dd><b>6. РОД кубоу-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: асылы-кубоу, бартал, батырша, бурнак, киргиз, мишар, мурза, сафар, таз, тау, тулак, туак. </b></dd><dd><b>7. РОД кырк-уйле-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алтый, асылкай, байдыкай, байрыкай, балгажи, бэйтэк, бэшэр, калмак, катай, купай, кузян, купэй, кюк-карын, кюк-юргэк, кусан, куян, кыйка, кындыр, киргиз, муртай, мурсэкэй, сабыр, сарт, серембэт, сирмеш, суваш, сэпрэ, сэрмэ, татар, теляк, турна, тума, урсай, сарт, суергул, шырау, шарип, эжекэй, юлбарс, ябалак, ярык сувэтэ. </b></dd><dd><b>8. РОД мин, минляр </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: калмак, калматай, канлы, кыпсак, мин, мукшы, каскын мукшы, сураш, суваш, тэнес, юлдаш. </b></dd><dd><b>9. РОД миркит-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: баим, кара, кинзекей, таз. </b></dd><dd><b>10. РОД уршак-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ваклар, куян, мурзай, сирмеш, сумсыра, шэлтэй. </b></dd><dd><b>11. РОД сарат-мин, сарылы-мин </b></dd><dd><b>12. РОД сыбы-мин, субый-мин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: дистан-сыбы-мин, биккинэ, ишмухамет, кутуш, мырзай, сымсыра, типтяр, шылтрак, янгарыс, яик-сыбы-мин, аккай, аккылай, аккул, балтас, биян, булат, зуфар, кузян, майлы, ногай, рамаш, самбай, сурайман, сэпяш, саубан, сусар, туркмен, тугыз. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>ИРГИЗ-КАМЕЛИКСКИЕ БАШКИРЫ В САМАРСКОЙ И САРАТОВСКОЙ ОБЛАСТЯХ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД бишул </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бишул, искеляр, ишэй, катай, кыпсак, мунаш, мурадым, мураткул, муратша, сирвай, садэ, табын, туркмен, туйбай, абузар, янылар. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД садэ, сазе </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: апанды, бишей, бурзян, тангаур, юан куныс, калтырсак, каратун-кыпсак, катай, куру юл аю, кыпсак, кэзэ, мышы, суксыр, сазэ, табын, травой, хангильде, суун кыпсак, ярат. </b><h3 align="center"><b>СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНЫЕ БАШКИРЫ</b></h3> <p> </p></dd><dd><b>I ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/bular.html" title="Буляр">БУЛЯР</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД кадыр </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: гасаба, типтяр. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД мышыга </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>II ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/bajlar.html" title="Байлар">БАЙЛАР</a>, БАЙЛЯР </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД байлар, байляр </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: байсабу, байсыбы, буби, дэрбэш, казанлар, катай, курман, ногай, ушэр-еней, салагуш-байлар, салагуш-еней, сальман, сураш-байлар, татар, типтяр-байлар, туркмен, тукбирде, турай, ырыс, атяс-байлар. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД калмаш </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД салагуш </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД сураш </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>III ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/yurmi.html" title="Юрми">ЮРМИ</a>, ЮРМЫЙ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: гасаба, исай-гасаба, казан кешесе, казаннар, типтяр, урман-юрмый, аптелмэн, ясашный, казан кешесе. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IV ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/irekte.html" title="Ирэктэ">ИРЭКТЕ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алпаут, батыкай, башкурт, бухар, даут, давек, ишэле, кадырбай, казанбай, казан халкы, кугэн, сюрмэт, суюрмэт, тимрэш, типтяр, тунгэкле, яппар. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>V ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/enej.html" title="Еней">ЕНЕЙ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД бугазы </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД камбар </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аккуз, ар, ахун, дуэрэннэр, еней башкурты, еней типтяре, масекей, мари, суракай, таулы, сураш, чураш, ырыкай. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД тугыз </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VI ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/gere.html" title="Гэрэ">ГЭРЭ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД илъ-гэрэ, идель-гэрэ </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ак тубэтэй, зайнулла, муйтэн, мутин, муксин, махмут, тояк, хасан. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД урман-гэрэ </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алдар, байгилде, балтач, балткы, башкурт, габидулла, даят, казанкешесе, канкилде, кильделяр, кулмамет, култами, кушык гэрэ, тауш, ташбулат, типтяр, туйкеш, тукбирде, хайдар, шадырбай, янбуса. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kirgiz.html" title="Киргиз">КИРГИЗ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД кадыкай-киргиз </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: аккуш, арзаматовлар, бикбалта, бурхан, казанлар, келькабыз, куккуш, кучум, киргиз, мансур, сирмеш, савле, туат, шурэле-типтяр. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД тэнкэй-киргиз </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>VIII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/elan.html" title="Елан">ЕЛАН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД идель-елан </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кыр-елан </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: буляк, искендер, исламгул, кара-кыпсак, куян, тэзэй. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД эске-елан </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бадрак, елан, кугэрсен, якут. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IX ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/eldjak.html" title="Ельдяк">ЕЛЬДЯК</a>, ЕЛЬДЯТ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД буре-ельдяк </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кыр-ельдяк </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД уфа-ельдяк </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>X ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/kanly.html" title="Канлы">КАНЛЫ</a>, КАНГЛЫ </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД актау-канглы, акты-канлы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: бурангул, бахтияр, яркей, мулэкэш, мэлэкэс, султан, хамит. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД идэль-канглы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: башкурт тюбэге, гумеровлар, иске-гумер башкурты, ишмай, карача-елга башкурты, кулбай, курман, мишар, типтяр башкорты, эрсэкэй. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД кыр-канглы, сындаш-канглы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: башмак, киже, кудей, кузян, кувакан, кукар, сирмеш, сагызак, хайыскан. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД юрэктау-канглы, юракты-канглы </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: иштекэй, карим. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XI ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/duvanej.html" title="Дуваней">ДУВАНЕЙ</a>, ДУВАН </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД елкысы </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/karshyn.html" title="Каршин">КАРШИН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД карга-каршин </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кадряй-каршин </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД сатлыган-каршин, акбаш-каршин </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: карга, мишар, мюштек, персиан, черемис. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XIII ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/taz.html" title="Таз">ТАЗ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>XIV ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/uvanysh.html" title="Уваныш">УВАНЫШ</a>, МАВЫШ </b><p> </p><h3 align="center"><b>СЕВЕРНЫЕ БАШКИРЫ</b></h3> <p> </p></dd><dd><b>I ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/uran.html" title="Уран">УРАН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД урман-ураны </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: албуре, ар, аржак, булгаир, ишэй аймагы, турна, шудек, шэрэкэй. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>II ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/gajna.html" title="Гайна">ГАЙНА</a>, ТАРХАН </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД бисер-гайна </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД мул-гайна </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: ар, бай, бисер, истяк, ишбулатовлар, казанбаевлар, кускар, кыпсак, кариевлар, максэй, мишар, мурашевлар, мамэт, нукшы, сабировлар, сакай, сарашбаш, сирмеш, субхангуловлар, сыбар джиен, таймас, таразовлар, таубаш, тимгановлар, тургай, усай, шабай, эскэре джиен, айзуак, эрэмэс. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД тул-гайна </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД тур-гайна </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>III ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/tanyp.html" title="Танып">ТАНЫП</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД казанчи </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кайпан </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: кудаш, кэлтэу, салдау, шэрдэк, юда. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД кара-танып, кыр-танып </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: карга, кумуч, тартай, тэйлэган, аптел, этэс. </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД су-танып, сул-танып </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: алый, арыкбай, балтач, илекей, яулыбай, кальмурза, мэнди, суманай, тюнсура. </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IV ПЛЕМЯ СУНАРСЫ, СУУН, <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/un.html" title="Ун">УН</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>1. РОД байки </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: акбуляк, алый, арыкбай, балтай, гумеровлар, кулмурза, мансуровлар, муслимовлар, мэнди, суманай, шамекэй. </b></dd><dd><b>2. РОД кыр-ун </b></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: буляковлар, нурай, сайрак. </b></dd><dd><b>3. РОД су-ун </b></dd><dd><b>4. РОД ун </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>IV ПЛЕМЯ <a href="http://www.newchron.narod.ru/texts/bashkort/balyksy.html" title="Балыксы">БАЛЫКСЫ</a> </b><p> </p></dd><dd><b>Родовые подразделения: атналы, калмак, кулсыкай, сыскан, тюлькэ, тюркэй. </b></dd>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5492363547307043977.post-40845319385254397582008-11-21T06:31:00.000-08:002008-11-21T06:40:30.949-08:00Тамга (Родовой знак) и Уран (Родовой клич).<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="760" height="604"><tbody><tr><td><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tbody><tr><td valign="top"><p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="center"><b><span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:130%;color:#800000;"><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/tamga.php">Тамга</a> (Родовой знак) и Уран (Родовой клич).</span></b></p> <table bordercolorlight="#847711" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt;color:#ffffff;" align="left" bg border="0" cellspacing="1" width="100%" height="783"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="18"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#800000;">Род</span></b></p> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="18"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#800000;">Подрод</span></b></p> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="18"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#800000;">Тамга</span></b></p> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="18"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#800000;">Уран</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="25" style="color:#ccc47c;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#cc3300;"><u><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/old.php">СТАРШИЙ ЖУЗ</a></b></u></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#ccc47c;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/46.gif" border="0" width="22" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Нел</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="40"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/kanly.php">Канлы</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="40"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="40"> <p style="margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;" align="left"><b><span style="font-family:Arial Rounded MT Bold;font-size:6;">I</span><span style="font-family:Arial Rounded MT Bold;font-size:130%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">косеу, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/5.gif" border="0" width="20" height="31" />шылбыр</span></p> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="40"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Байтерек</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/jalair.php">Жалаир</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/3.gif" border="0" width="23" height="20" /> тарак</span></p> </td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Бактияр, Кабылан</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Дулат</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 0pt; margin-bottom: 0pt;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/2.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /> донгелек, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/74.gif" border="0" width="25" height="20" /> абак </span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Бактияр</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="43" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="43"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Сикым</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="43" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px; margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: 1px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/4.gif" border="0" width="2" height="20" /> <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/63.gif" border="0" width="20" height="19" /> <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/64.gif" border="0" width="16" height="35" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="43"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Сикым, Рсбек</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="31"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="31"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жаныс</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="31"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/65.gif" border="0" width="20" height="26" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="31"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жаныс, Толе</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="40" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="40"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Ботбай</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="40" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/64.gif" border="0" width="16" height="35" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="40"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Ботбай, Самен</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Шымыр</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/1.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Шмыр, Койгельды</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Албан</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/1.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Райымбек </span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="35"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Суан</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="35"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="35"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/9.gif" border="0" width="16" height="30" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="35"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="24" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Сарыуйсын</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="24"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="24" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/8.gif" border="0" width="20" height="19" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="24"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Шапрашты</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="25"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/13.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" /> ай, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/14.gif" border="0" width="24" height="20" /> тумар, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/42.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="25" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Карасай</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Ошакты</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/7.gif" border="0" width="30" height="13" /> тумар</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Ысты</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/4.gif" border="0" width="2" height="20" /> косеу, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/5.gif" border="0" width="20" height="31" />шылбыр</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жауатар</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Ойык</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/4.gif" border="0" width="2" height="20" /> косеу, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/17.gif" border="0" width="37" height="20" /> коз</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Тилик</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/66.gif" border="0" width="25" height="4" /> косеу</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Сиргелы</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/10.gif" border="0" width="20" height="22" /> сирге, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/11.gif" border="0" width="14" height="20" /> курай, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/12.gif" border="0" width="16" height="25" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/75.gif" border="0" width="24" height="20" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Туганаз</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Шанышкылы</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/15.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /> кол-тамга, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/16.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Аирлмас</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#ccc47c;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#cc3300;"><u><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/middle.php">СРЕДНИЙ ЖУЗ</a></b></u></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#ccc47c;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/18.gif" border="0" width="37" height="20" /> босага</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/argyn.php">Аргын</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/17.gif" border="0" width="37" height="20" /> коз</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Акжол, Кара Ходжа</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/tarakty.php">Таракты</a></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/3.gif" border="0" width="23" height="20" /> тарак, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/24.gif" border="0" width="20" height="23" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жаукашар</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жогары шекты</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/76.gif" border="0" width="29" height="20" /> жогары-шекты</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Томень шекты</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/77.gif" border="0" width="33" height="20" /> томень-шекты</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/naiman.php">Найман</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/22.gif" border="0" width="30" height="17" /> шомыш, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/23.gif" border="0" width="30" height="20" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Каптагай</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Балталы </span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/71.gif" border="0" width="13" height="20" /> балта</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Баганалы </span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/30.gif" border="0" width="13" height="20" /> багана, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/20.gif" border="0" width="11" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/73.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" /></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Бура </span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/81.gif" border="0" width="30" height="14" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Каракерей </span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/78.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Кабанбай</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Матай </span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="8%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/79.gif" border="0" width="22" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Борибай</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Садыр</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/2.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/35.gif" border="0" width="28" height="15" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Алдияр</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/kypchak.php">Кыпчак</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#cccccc;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/19.gif" border="0" width="8" height="20" /> кос алип</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Айбас</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/konrat.php">Конрат</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/18.gif" border="0" width="37" height="20" /> босага</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Алатау</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Сангыл</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/18.gif" border="0" width="37" height="20" /> босага</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Мулкамал</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/uak.php">Уак</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/25.gif" border="0" width="36" height="15" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/20.gif" border="0" width="11" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/26.gif" border="0" width="20" height="26" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жаубасар, Бармак</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Ергенекты Уак</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/75.gif" border="0" width="24" height="20" /> ергенек, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/80.gif" border="0" width="10" height="20" /> ай</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/kerey.php">Керей</a></b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Кара Кожа</span> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Ашамайлы</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/20.gif" border="0" width="11" height="20" /> ашамай</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Абак</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/21.gif" border="0" width="33" height="15" /> абак</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#ccc47c;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#cc3300;"><u><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/little.php">МЛАДШИЙ ЖУЗ</a></b></u></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;"><b>Байулы</b></span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Адай</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/27.gif" border="0" width="10" height="30" /> садак,<img src="http://www.history.kz/images/28.gif" border="0" width="6" height="20" /> ок </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> Бекет </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Берш</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/36.gif" border="0" width="12" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/37.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/6.gif" border="0" width="20" height="18" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/38.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Агатай </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Алтын</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/32.gif" border="0" width="14" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/33.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Баймурат </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Жаппас</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/41.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" /> туйе моин, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/42.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/20.gif" border="0" width="11" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/43.gif" border="0" width="17" height="25" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Баймурат </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Есентемир</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/44.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/45.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" />, </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Алдонгар </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Таз</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/55.gif" border="0" width="29" height="15" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/56.gif" border="0" width="27" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Бакай </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Байбакты</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/72.gif" border="0" width="24" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/2.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/34.gif" border="0" width="20" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/35.gif" border="0" width="28" height="15" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Даукара </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Тана</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/4.gif" border="0" width="2" height="20" /> алип, косеу </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Тана </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Маскар </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Каратай </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Алтыбас (Алаша)</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/29.gif" border="0" width="15" height="26" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/30.gif" border="0" width="13" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/31.gif" border="0" width="22" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Байбарак </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Кызылкурт</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/4.gif" border="0" width="2" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/49.gif" border="0" width="26" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/19.gif" border="0" width="8" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/50.gif" border="0" width="24" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Жиембай </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Черкеш</span> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/30.gif" border="0" width="13" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/44.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/47.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Шагырай </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;">Ссык</span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/44.gif" border="0" width="17" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/45.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Байтерек </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/karakes.php">Алим-улы</a></b> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Карасакал </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/47.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/40.gif" border="0" width="23" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/48.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Алдажар </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Каракесек </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/18.gif" border="0" width="37" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/46.gif" border="0" width="22" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Акбан </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Торткара </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Аиртау </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Шекты </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/61.gif" border="0" width="30" height="16" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/62.gif" border="0" width="18" height="25" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/13.gif" border="0" width="19" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Бактыбай, Жанходжа </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Шемекей (Шомень) </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Доит </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/jetyru.php">Жетыру</a></b> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Табын </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/54.gif" border="0" width="17" height="25" /> тостаган, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/57.gif" border="0" width="26" height="20" /> тарак, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/58.gif" border="0" width="25" height="20" /> алып </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Тостаган </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Тама </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/19.gif" border="0" width="8" height="20" /> косеу, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/59.gif" border="0" width="29" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/5.gif" border="0" width="20" height="31" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Карабура </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Жагалбайлы </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/39.gif" border="0" width="20" height="23" /> балта, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/40.gif" border="0" width="23" height="20" /> шеккиш </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Малатау </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Телеу </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/60.gif" border="0" width="30" height="10" /> шылбыр, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/20.gif" border="0" width="11" height="20" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Тулпар, Аргымак </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Кердери . </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/53.gif" border="0" width="17" height="30" /> тостаган </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Кожахмет </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Керейт </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/51.gif" border="0" width="13" height="20" /> шылбыр, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/52.gif" border="0" width="14" height="25" /> </p></td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Аксакал, Унтум </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Рамадан </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/54.gif" border="0" width="17" height="25" /> шомиш </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#cccccc" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Дулат, Кайгулым </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21" style="color:#ccc47c;"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="color:#cc3300;"><u><b>ТОРЕ</b></u></span> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><img src="http://www.history.kz/images/57.gif" border="0" width="26" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/70.gif" border="0" width="33" height="15" /> </p></td> <td align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;">Архар, Аблай, Санхай </p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;color:#ccc47c;" align="left" bg valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:85%;color:#cc3300;"><u><b>КОЖА</b></u></span></p> </td> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> </td> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/4.gif" border="0" width="2" height="20" />, <img src="http://www.history.kz/images/69.gif" border="0" width="17" height="25" /></td> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21">Кожахмед</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> <p style="margin-left: 5px;"><b><a href="http://www.history.kz/Articles/tolengut.php">ТОЛЕНГУТ</a></b> </p></td> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="7%" height="21"> </td> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> </td> <td style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-left: 5px;" align="left" bgcolor="#ccc47c" valign="top" width="8%" height="21"> </td> </tr> </tbody></table>
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О. K . KАRАTАЕV<br />Kırğız Uluttuk univеrsitеti<br />Tаrıх kаfеdrаsı<br />Оrtо kılımdаrdın ertе mеzgildеrinеn elе Kırğızstаndın<br />аymаğı tеgi tіrdіі mаdаniyattаrdın, tildik çјyrјlјrdіn /fаrsi,<br />tіrk, аrаb, kiyinçеreek mоngоl/, аr kıl diniy işеnimdеrdin,<br />аğımdаrdın kаyçılаşkаn, sintеzdеşkеn аrеnаsınа аylаngаn.<br />Јlkјbіzdіn<br />аymаktаrının çеktеri аrkıluu kјçmјn<br />cаnа<br />оturuktаşkаn<br />mаdаniyattаrdın<br />/çаrbаlık-mаdаniy<br />tiptеr/<br />çеktеri јtkјndіgі ırаs. Аlbеttе, uşul аymаktаrdа kоşunа<br />bаyırlаgаn eldеr, uruulаr mеnеn etnikаlık аlаkаlаr cіrgјndіgіn<br />bеlğilеy kеtіі zаrıl.<br />Uçurdа «оguz» tеrminin eki kоntеksttе kаrоо zаrıl. «Оguz»<br />gеnоnimi оrtо kılımdаrdаğı оguz-tіrkmјn tildіі uruuluk<br />birikmеlеrdi cаnа bіgіnkі kіndјgі tіrk tildеrinin оguz<br />butаğındа sіylјgјn eldеrdi /tіrk, аzеrbаycаn, tіrkmјn, gаgаuz<br />c.b./ аnıktаyt. Kırğızdаrdın cаnа оguz-tіrkmјn uruulаrının<br />оrtоsundаğı etnikаlık bаylаnıştаr bizdin zаmаndın VI-VIII kk.<br />çеyin elе bаştаlğаn. Şаmаn dinin tutunuşkаn оguz-tіrkmјn<br />uruulаrı Аltаy tооlоrunаn Sır-Dаrıyanın cоgоrku аğımdаrınа<br />çеyinki аymаktаrdı bаyırlаşkаn. Tаğırааk аytkаndа, bugа<br />bіgіnkі Kırğızstаndın аymаğı dа kirgеn. Kırğızdаrdın оguzdаr<br />mеnеn kоşunа bаyırlаşkаndığı cјnіndј ilimdе аbrоyluu<br />mааlımаttаr bаr (Dcikiеvа,1988:175,179). Аkаdеmik V. V.<br />Bаrtоlьd оguzdаr Bоrbоrduk Аziyadаğı /Tіştіk Sibirь, Mоngоliya/<br />tіrktјr bоlğоnun, Оrtо Аziyagа cеr kоtоrgоn bјlіgі kiyinçеreek<br />«tіrkmјn» dеp аtаlıp kаlğаndığın bеlğilеyt (Аgаdcаnоv,<br />1973:19).<br />Mахmud<br />Kаşgаri «Divаndа» /XI k./ tјmјnkі<br />mааlımаttаrdı bеrеt: «...Tіrktјr aslındа 20 uruu el. Mеn Rumdаn<br />kіn çığışkа çеyinki аrаlıktаğı musulmаn c.b. eldеrdi zikir<br />çаldım. Rumgа cаkın birinçi pеçеnеk, аndаn sоѕ kıpçаk, оguz,<br />yаmаk, bаşkurt, kаy, bаsmıl, yаbаku, tаtаr, аndаn sоѕ kırğızdаr<br />cаygаşkаn. Kırğızdаr Kıtаygа /Çingе/ cаkın bаyırlаşаt»<br />Pagе 2<br />KIRGIZ-ОGUZ TАRIХIY-ETNİKАLIK<br />BАYLАNIŞTАRI<br />176<br />(Kаşgаri,1960/T.1:64). Avtоr аndаn аrı «...Kırğız, оguz, kıpçаk,<br />tuхsi,<br />yаgmа, çаruk,<br />çigil<br />tildеri<br />tаzа<br />tіrk<br />tildеri<br />(Kаşgаri,1960/T.1:66). Оguzdаr – tіrktјrdіn bir uruusu. Аlаr<br />tаzа tіrkmјndјr. Аlаr 22 uruudаn turuşаt, аr birinin јzgјçј<br />bеlğisi, en tаmgаlаrı bаr»-dеp cаzаt (Kаşgаri,1960/T.1:89).<br />Kırğızdаr mеnеn оguz-tіrkmјn uruulаrının оrtоsundаğı<br />etnikаlık аlаkаlаr Tіştіk Sibirь, Mоngоliyanın аymаktаrınаn<br />bаştаlıp, аzırkı Kırğızstаndın<br />etnikаlık çјyrјsіndј<br />ulаngаndığı аnık.<br />Bugа<br />uruu-uruk, el аtаlıştаrındаğı<br />/etnоnimdеr/,<br />tоpоnimdеrdеgi,<br />uruuluk<br />en<br />tаmgаlаrdаğı<br />mааlımаttаr, fоlьklоrdun mаtеriаldаrı dаlil bоlо аlаt. Tіrkmјn<br />izildјјçіsі S. Аtаniyazоv аzırkı mеzgildе biri-birinеn јtј<br />ırааktа bаyırlаşkаn eki eldin kјјnј zаmаndаrdаğı јz аrа<br />etnikаlık, tildik, mаdаniy аlаkаlаrının tіrkmјn-kırğız<br />etnоnimdеrindеgi pаrаllеldеrgе tаyanıp, nеgizdіі pikirin аytаt<br />(Аtаniyazоv,1990:18). Аvtоr kırğız-tіrkmјn etnоnimdеrindеgi<br />kаytаlаngаn 163 pаrаllеlь bаr ekеndigin mааlımdаyt. Biz, јz<br />kеzеgindе tіrdіі bulаktаrdаn irgеlip,<br />cıynаlğаn<br />kırğız<br />etnоnimdеrinin<br />tіrkmјndјrdіn<br />kurаmındаğı<br />etnikаlık<br />аtаlıştаr mеnеn 175 pаrаllеli bаr ekеndigin аnıktаdık.<br />Etnоnimdеrdin<br />sеmаntikаsındаğı,<br />fоnеtikаlık<br />tіzіlіştјrіndјgі<br />оkşоştuktаrgа<br />nеgizdеlğеn kјp sаndаğı<br />pаrаllеlь etnоnimdеr оrtо kılımdаrdın ertе mеzgildеrindеgi<br />kоѕşu аymаktаrdа bаyırlаşkаn kırğız-tіrkmјn uruulаrının<br />/kırğız cаnа оguz-tіrkmјn uruulаrı – О.K./ јz аrа etnikаlık,<br />mаdаniy bаylаnıştаrın аyginеlеyt. Kırğız fоlьklоrçusu T.<br />Аbdırаkunоv<br />«Mаnаs»<br />epоsunun<br />mаtеriаldаrınа<br />tаyangаn<br />izildјјsіndј<br />kırğız<br />cаnа<br />оguz-tіrkmјn<br />etnikаlık<br />bаylаnıştаrındаğı kıpçаk çјyrјsіnіn јzgјçј rоlun bјlіp<br />kјrsјtјt. Bul cіyјlіі pikir dаğı bir tоp tеrеѕ iliktјјlјrgј<br />muktаc.<br />Etnikаlık<br />аlаkаlаrdı<br />tјmјnkі<br />ınаnımduu<br />fаktılаr<br />аnıktааrı şеksiz. Kırğızdın içkilik uruuluk tоbundаğı kаѕdı<br />uruusunun kurаmındаğı «tіrkmјn», аl emi bіgіnkі tіrkmјndјrdіn<br />uruuluk kurаmındаğı /igdir cаnа çоvdur uruulаrı – О.K/<br />«Mаnаs» etnоnimdеri kızığuunu cаrаtаrı аnık. Kırğızdın<br />içkiliktеr /bulğаçı/ uruuluk tоbundаğı tеyit uruusundа оrtо<br />kılımdаrdın ertе mеzgildеrindеgi оguz-tіrkmјn etnikаlık<br />çјyrјsіnј tааndık tеkrеѕ, kјklеѕ /kјkіlеn/, kızıl bаş, tеkе,<br />çјvdјr etnоkоmpоnеnttеri bаr. Аtаlğаn etnоnimdеr eki eldin<br />gаnа uruuluk kurаmdаrınаn kеzdеşip, uçurdа tіrkmјndјrdіn eѕ<br />iri uruulаrının ençilіі аttаrı kаtаrı bеlğilіі(Аtаniyazоv,<br />Pagе 3<br />SОSYAL BİLİMLЕR DЕRGİSİ<br />177<br />1988:52,53,58,112).<br />Kırğızstаndın<br />аymаğındаğı<br />Аkmаn,<br />Аrslаnbаp /Bаzаr Kоrgоn rаyоnu/ tоpоnimdеri оguz-tіrkmјn<br />uruulаrının<br />kаltırgаn<br />izdеrin<br />аyginеlеyt.<br />Tіrkmјn-<br />sаlоrlоrdun kurаmındаğı «аkmаn» etnоnimi kırğızdın munduz<br />uruusunun kurаmındа «аkmаn» fоrmаsındа kеzdеşеt. IX-X kk<br />оguzdаrdın kurаmındа eѕ iri «аkmаn», «kаrаmаn» аttuu uruuluk<br />birikmеlеr bоlğоndugu bеlğilіі. Bіgіnkі tіrkmјn-şıktаrdın<br />kurаmındа «аrslаnbаp» аttuu uruk «аrstаndаy bоlğоn аdаm»<br />dеgеndi tіşіndіrјt (Аtаniyazоv,1988:24). Kırğızstаndаğı Аk-<br />Јgіz, Cеti-Јgіz, Kоѕur-Јgіz, Јgіz-Bаşı c.b. tоpоnimdеr<br />«Mаnаs» dаstаnındа çаğıldırılğаn Јgіz-Kеçіі, Јgіz-Јtmјk,<br />Јgіz-Аşuu sıyaktuu cеr-suu<br />аtаlıştаrı dа<br />etnikаlık<br />аlаkаlаrdı аnıktааrı şеksiz (Mоldоbаеv,1995:163). Tіrkmјn<br />uruulаrının eѕ irilеrinеn bоlğоn ersаrı uruusunun pаrаllеli<br />kırğızdın kеsеk uruusunun kurаmınаn «ersаrı» fоrmаsındа<br />kеzdеşеt. Eѕ bаyırkı kırğız etnоnimdеrinin biri bоlğоn<br />«munduz» etnikаlık аtаlışı tіrkmјn-sаlоrlоrdоn kеzdеşеri<br />аnıktаldı. Bul etnоnimdеr eki eldin Bоrbоrduk Аziyanın<br />/Tіştіk Sibirь,<br />Mоngоliya/<br />etnikаlık<br />çјyrјsі<br />mеnеn<br />bаylаnışın аnıktаyt. «Munduz» etnikаlık аtаlış kаtаrı<br />bіgіnkі аltаylıktаrdın kurаmındа dа sаktаlıp kеlеt.<br />Bаyırkı<br />eki etnikаlık<br />birikmеnin<br />etnоgеnеtikаlık<br />bаylаnıştаrın fоlьklоrdun mаtеriаldаrı dа ırаstаyt. Хivа<br />хаnı Аbul Gаzi Bахаdur хаndın «Tіrk sаncırаsı» /Şеcаrаy-i<br />tіrk/ dеgеn emgеgindе Kırğız lеgеndаrluu Оguz kаgаndın<br />nеbеrеsi<br />kаtаrı<br />bаyandаlаt (Аbul<br />Gаzi,1906:25).<br />Kırğız<br />sаncırаlаrındа: «Mоngоl хаndаn Оguz хаn, Оguz хаndаn Dеѕiz<br />хаn, Dеѕiz хаndаn Kırğız tаrаyt; Kırğızdаr bаşkаruuçusun<br />«Enаl» dеp аtаşаrı mааlım»-dеgеn pikirlеr bаr /Sаncırаçı<br />Cаѕıbаy uulu Sаpаrbаy, Uruusu bаrğı, 1908-cıl tuulğаn,<br />Аlаy<br />јrјјnі, Kаbılаn-Kјl аyılı/.<br />Kırğızdın<br />kıpçаk<br />uruusunun kurаmındа «yоlаtаn» аttuu uruk bаr. Yоlаtаn –<br />Tіrkmјnstаndаğı аymаktık аdministrаtivdik bоrbоr kаtаrı<br />mааlım.<br />«Mаnаs» dаstаnındа<br />Uuz хаn Mаnаstın<br />tіpkі аtа-<br />bаbаlаrının biri kаtаrı çаğıldırılаt. Sаncırа bоyunçа Uuz<br />хаn tіştіgі Misirgе /Еgipеt/, bаtışı Bаrаѕgа (Frаntsiyagа)<br />çеyinki аymаktа cаşаgаn eldеrdi bаş iydirip, zоr impеriyanı<br />tіzgјn uluu kаgаn bоlğоn. (Mаnаs,1995:307). Kırğız etnоgrаfı İ.<br />B. Mоldоbаеv «Mаnаs» dаstаnı bоyunçа izildјјlјrіndј kırğız-<br />tіrkmјn /оguz-tіrkmјn/ etnikаlık cаkındıktаrın аnıktаgаn<br />bir tоp pаrаllеldеrdi kеltirеt (Mоldоbаеv,19:159,165).<br />Pagе 4<br />KIRGIZ-ОGUZ TАRIХIY-ETNİKАLIK<br />BАYLАNIŞTАRI<br />178<br />Аbul Gаzinin bеrgеn mааlımаttаrınа kаrаgаndа оguz-tіrkmјn<br />uruulаrının оrtо kılımdаrdın ertе mеzgildеrindеgi mеkеndеgеn<br />cеrlеri Çığıştа Isık-Kјl, bаtıştа – Kаrа-Kum, tіştіktј<br />- Yangikеnt şааrlаrınа çеyinki аymаktаrdı јz kuçаğınа<br />kаmtığаn. Tіrkmјndјrdіn eldik ulаmıştаrındа lеgеndаrluu Оguz<br />kаgаndın оrdоsu Isık-Kјldј cаygаşkаndığı çаğıldırılаt<br />(Turkmеnskоy SSR,1974/T.1,177).<br />Kırğızdаrdın cаnа tіrkmјndјrdіn /оguz tіrkmјndіrdіn/<br />kurаmınаn<br />Оrхоn-Еnisеy cаzmа estеliktеrindе,<br />Mахmud<br />Kаşgаrinin «Sјzdіgіndј», kıtаy cılnааmаlаrındа, аrаb-fаrsi<br />bulаktаrındа eskеrilğеn, tаğırааk аytkаndа, tеgi Bоrbоrduk<br />Аziyagа /Tіştіk Sibirь, Mоngоliyagа cаmааttаş аymаktаr/ cаnа<br />аgа çеktеş аymаktаrgа tааndık tаtаr /munguş/ - tаtаr /аlili/,<br />kıpçаk – kıpcаk /аlili/, tаtа /sоltо/- tаtlаr /аrsаrı/, tоguz<br />/bаğış/ - dоkuz /оlаm/, çаrık /kıtаy/-çаrık /tеkе/, gеklеn<br />/kızıl bаş /tеyit/ - kızıl bаş /еmrеli/, cаbаğı /sаruu/ -<br />yabı /gеklеn/, аy tаmgа /sаruu/ - аy tаmgаlı /nurаtin<br />tіrkmјndјrі/,іç оk /bаsız/ - іç оk /еmrеli/, іçоk tаmgа /kаndı/<br />- іçоk /tіrkmјndіrdіn eѕ iri uruuluk tоbu/, munduz – munduz<br />/аrsаrı/, tеkе /tеyit – tеkе /iri uruuluk birikmе/, bаrаk<br />/аdiginе/ - bаrаk /gеklеn/, mаnаs /çеkir sаyak/ - mаnаs /igdir/<br />c.b.u.s./. etnоnimdеr eki eldin etnikаlık аlаkаlаrının bаyırkı<br />tіrk dооrunаn bаştаlğаndığın аyginеlеyt. Оşоnu mеnеn birgе,<br />tјmјndј kırğız cаnа tіrkmјndјrdіn kurаmınа kirgеn mоngоl<br />etnоkоmpоnеnttеrinе tоktоlоbuz: nоgоy /çеrik/ - nоgоy /хаtаp/,<br />kаlmаk /tеyit/ - kаlmаk /аtа, çоvdur/, gеrеy /dјјlјs/ - girеy<br />/tеkе/, mеrkit /dјјlјs/ - mеrkit /sаlоr/, mоgоl /оrgu/ -<br />mоgоl-cıklаr /аlili/, mаnğıt /munguş/ - mаnğıt /аrsаrı/,<br />kоѕurаt – gоnurаt /аlili/ c.b.u.s. Bul misаldаr eki eldin<br />etnоgеnеzisindеgi tаrıхıy etаptаrdın оkşоştugun аnıktаrı<br />bışık.<br />Cоgоrudаğı<br />etnikаlık<br />аtаlıştаr<br />bіgіnkі<br />Аzеrbаycаndın tоpоnimiyasındа dа kеzdеşеt. Аlаr tјmјnkіlјr:<br />Kаyаlu /kаy/, Gаnlıkеnd /kаnlı-kаѕdı/, Uygurkеnd /uygur/,<br />Bаyatlı /bаyаt/ c.b.<br />Etnоnimiyalık pаrаllеldііlіktјrgј nаzаr sаlğаnıbızdа kee<br />bir kırğız uruulаrının tіrkmјndјr mеnеn јtј tığız etnikаlık<br />аlаkаlаrdа bоlğоndugu kјrіnіp turаt. Misаlı, kırğızdın tеyit<br />uruusunun<br />kurаmındаğı<br />etnоnimdеr<br />mеnеn<br />tіrkmјn<br />etnоnimdеrindе 14, kеsеk uruusunun – 15, munguş – 19, bаğış –<br />22, bаsız – 17, sаrı bаğış – 31, çеkir sаyak – 17, аdiginе<br />uruuluk tоbu – 34 c.b. pаrаllеldеr аnıktаldı. Tјmјndј<br />etnikаlık,<br />tаrıхıy bаylаnıştаrdı<br />аyginеlеgеn kırğız-<br />Pagе 5<br />SОSYAL BİLİMLЕR DЕRGİSİ<br />179<br />tіrkmјn/оguz-tіrkmјn/etnоnimiyasındаğı pаrаllеldііlіktјrdіn<br />cаlpı tizmеsi bеrildi:<br />Kırğıy /cеtigеn/ - kırğılı /mukrı/<br />1<br />, çаrık /kıtаy/ -<br />çаrık /gеklеѕ/, bјrі /аdiginе/ - bеri /tеkе/nоgоy/çеrik, kıtаy<br />– nоgаy /хаtаp/, kudаykul /çеrik/ - kudаykulı /еmrеli/,<br />dеrbiş /cеtigеn/ - dаrviş /еmrеli/, tеkеѕ /tеyit/ - tеkrеn<br />/аrsаrı/, kаlmаk /tеyit, bаğış / - gаlmık /аtа, еmrеlеi,<br />gеklеn/, gеklеѕ /tеyit/ - gеklеn /iri uruuluk birikmе/, keldаr<br />/tеyit/ - kel //kyallаr /bаyat, еmrеli/, bаyat /tеyit/ - bаyat<br />/tіrkmјndјrdјgі iri uruuluk аtаlış/, kаşkа /bаsız, tеyit,<br />kıpçаk/ - gаşkа /аrsаrı/, kızıl bаş /tеyit/=ğızıl bаş<br />/аrsаrı, еmut, аtа/, cindilеr /munguş/ cınlı /аrаsrı, оlаm,<br />tеrе, sаrık/, kеsеk /iri uruunun аtаlışı/ = аltı kеsеk<br />/çоvdur/, аltınçı /kеsеk/= аltılаr /аrsаrı/, аtаlаr /tеyit,<br />kеsеk/ = аtа /iri tіrkmјn uruusu/, аbıl /tеyit/= аvıl /оlаm/,<br />bеklеr /tеyit/ = bеglеr /аlili, аrsаrı/, ersаrı /tеyit/ =<br />аrsаrı /iri uruuluk аtаlış/, kјn kјçјk /tеyit/ = kјçјk<br />/еmrеli/, kаrgа /kеsеk, mоѕоldоr/= gаrgа /аtа, gеklеn/, kızıl<br />аyak /kеsеk/ = ğızıl аyak /аrsаrı/, kızıl bаş /kеsеk, kıpçаk/ =<br />ğızıl bаş /tеkе, gеklеѕ, аrsаrı, çоvdur/, pаdаr /kеsеk/ = gеklеѕ,<br />аy<br />tаmgа<br />/sаruu,<br />dјјlјs/<br />=<br />аytаmgаlı<br />/nurаtindik<br />tіrkmјndјrdј/, gеrеy /dјјlјs/ - girеy /tеkе, аrsаrı, gеklеn/,<br />kаrınçı /dјјlјs/= kаrınlаr /tеkе/, kоş tаmgа /dјјlјs/ = gоş<br />tаmgаlı /nurаtindik tіrkmјndјrdј/, mеrkit /dјјlјs/ = mеrkit<br />/sаlоr/, bаbаçаl /bоstоn/ = bаbаçаl /еmut/, bаtır /bаsız,<br />bоstоn, munguş/ = bаtır /аrsаrı/, kаrcааdı /bоstоn/ = gаrcаv<br />/аrsаrı/, оrustаr /cеdigеr/ = оrus /оlаm, еmut, sаlır/, sаzаn<br />/bоstоn/ = sаzаndа /еmrеli/, sаrı /munguş/ = sаrı /аrsаrı,<br />еmrеli, sаlır tеkе/, mаnğıt /munguş/ = mаnğıt /аrsаrı/, kаzаk<br />/kаzаk, munguş, sоltо/ = gаzаk /аnеvli, аrsаrı, bаyat, sаrık/,<br />аrık /munguş, bugu/ = аrık /аrsаrı, еmut, аtа, tеkе/, kаrа mоyun<br />/cеtigеn, munguş/, gаrа /аrsаrı/, cаnıbеk /munguş, cеtigеn,<br />bugu/ = cаnıbеk /sаrık/, tіmјn /munguş/ = tіmјn /tеkе/,<br />bаgаçı /munguş/ = bаgаcа /аtа, tеkе, sаrık/, kıpçаk /ğıpcаk<br />/аlili/, cаrtı bаş /kıpçаk/ = cаrtı /sаlır/, оmоnоk /kıpçаk/<br />= аmаnеk /esgi/, kаbıl /kıpçаk/ - gаbıl /tеkе/, surnаy<br />/kıpçаk/ = surnаy /tеkе/, pаrçа /kıpçаk/ = pаrçа /çоvdur/,<br />tоguz /kıpçаk/ = tоguz /оlаm/, çıçvаs /kıpçаk; munguş/ =<br />çıçmаç /nurаtindik tіrkmјndјrdј/, kаrа tоn /cеdigеr/ = kаrа<br />1<br />Pаrаllеldііlіktјrdј kırğız etnоnimdеri birinçi, tіrkmјn etnоnimdеri ekinçi<br />kаtаrdа bеrildi. –О.K.<br />Pagе 6<br />KIRGIZ-ОGUZ TАRIХIY-ETNİKАLIK<br />BАYLАNIŞTАRI<br />180<br />içmеk /tеkе/, kulcаbаy /cеdigеr/ = gulcаbаy /sаrık/, bаyandı<br />/cеdigеr/ = bаyandur /bаyandur, gеklеn/, niyaz cеdigеr, sаrı<br />bаğış/ = niyaz /gеklеn/, sаdık /cеdigеr, bаsız/ = sıdıх<br />/sаrık/, mоngоl /bаğış/ = mоngоl /аlili/, аk kјynјk /bаğış/<br />= аk gјynјk /еmut, аlili/, kјk mоyun /bаğış/ = kјk bоyun /tеkе,<br />ахаl/, sаpаlаk /munduz, bаğış/ = sаbаlаk /sаlır/, sоpu /bаğış/<br />- sоpı, аtа, şıх, еmut, bаyat/, аtаkе /bаğış, аdiginе, kıtаy, аtаkе<br />/аrsаrı/, tоruk /bаğış/ - tоruk еmut/, çеrik /bаğış/ =<br />çеrikli /nurаtin tіrkmјndјrі/, bitikе /bаğış/ = bitik<br />/хıdırlı/, аcıbеk /bаğış, kоѕurаt, sоltо/ = аcıbеk /gеklеn/,<br />tоrgоy /cеtigеn, sаruu/ = tоrgоy /аrsаrı, sаrık/, çаğır /аzık/<br />- çаğır /аrsаrı/, cаbаğı /sаruu/ - yabı /gеklеn/, kаrаgul<br />/çеriik/ = gаrаgul/, sіyіndіk /kıpçаk/ = sјyindik /tеkе/,<br />erdеnе /cеdigеr/ - еrdеn /sаrık/, sеyit /bаğış, sаruu/ =<br />sеyit /аnеvli/, isа /bаğış, munguş/ = isа /аtа, sаlır/, tіktіі<br />kurt /sаruu/ = gurt /sаrık, sаlır, şıх/, kızıl kurt /dјјlјs/ =<br />sаrık, sаlır, şıх/, çаyan /sаruu/ = çаyanlı /sаlır/, bаlıkçı<br />/sаruu/ = bаlıkçı /аrsаrı, еmrеli/, şеkеr/sаruu, kıtаy/ =<br />şеkеrеk /аrsаrı/, çоkоy /cеtigеn/ = çоkаy /esgi/, it emgеn<br />/cеtigеn/ - it emеn /tеkе/, kuttuk /kоѕurаt, kuşçu/ = gutlı<br />/tеkе/, tіlkі /kоѕurаt, sоltо, sаrı bаğış/ = tilki /tеkе,<br />еmrеli/, kаrаgаtаy /kоѕurаt/ = gаrgа /аtа, еmrеli, tеkе/,<br />tоktоmuş /bаsız, kоѕurаt/ = tоgtаmış /gеklеn, tеkrеn/, kеrki<br />tаmgа /bаsız, sаyak/ = kеtki /tеkе/, kаmаn /bаsız/ - çоçkаlаr<br />/sаyatlı/, kаrаgаnа /bаsız/ = gаrаgаnа /mukrı/, tаyçı /bаsız/ =<br />tаyçı /esgi/, bаktı /bаsız, kıtаy/, = bаgtı /kаrаdаşlı/, аşır<br />/аrsаrı/, tеmir /аrsаrı/, tеmir /bаsız, bugu/ - tеmir /аrsаrı/,<br />çоtur kаmаn /bаsız/ = çоtır /çоvdır/, kаrа çоlоk /bаsız/ -<br />çоlоk /аrsаrı, sаlır/, аbdullа /bаsız/ = аbdillа /аrsаrı/,<br />itımаn /bаsız/ = itemеn /tеkе/, sаrı kіçіk /bаsız/ = gіcіk<br />/аrsаrı, еmut, tеkе/, bјgјcі /kıtаy/ = bаgаcı /аtа, bоlku<br />/kıtаy/ = bоlkо /оlаm/, tоgаlаk bаş /kıtаy/ = tоgаlаk /tеkе,<br />çоvdur/, çаrık /kıtаy/ = çаrıх /gеklеn, nохurli, tеkе/, çоtоn<br />/kıtаy/ = çоtаn /tеkе/, kuşçu sоl kаnаttаğı iri uruu/ = guşçu<br />/аrsаrı, аbdаl/, sаkаldı /kuşçu/ = sаkаllı /аrsаrı, еmut/,<br />munduz /sоl kаnаttаğı iri uruu/ = munduz /аrsаrı/, аkmаn<br />/munduz/ = аkmаn /sаlır/, zulum /munduz/ = sulum /аtа/,<br />şеrdаr /munduz/ = şеrdаt /еmut/, kаrmış /munduz/ = gаrmış<br />/аtа/, јtјmіş /munduz/ = utаmış /tеkе/, mаnаs /munduz, çеkir<br />sаyak/ = mаnаs /igdir, çоvdur/, musа /munduz/ = musа /аtа,<br />sаlır/, cаmğırçı /munduz/ = yagmırçı /хаtаp/, şіkіr /аdiginе,<br />bugu, munduz/ = şіkіr /аtа/, kеdеy /bugu, çеkir sаyak/ = gеdаy<br />Pagе 7<br />SОSYAL BİLİMLЕR DЕRGİSİ<br />181<br />/хоcаlı/, egizеy /bugu/ = egizli /аrsаrı/, it bоk /bugu/ = it<br />/tеkе/, аyuukе /sаrı bаğış/ = аyı /ilili, gеklеn, nохurli/,<br />cаntаy /sаrı bаğış/ = cаntаy /sаrık/, tаzdаr /sаrı bаğış,<br />аdiginе/ = dаz /еmrеli, sаlır, tеkе/, аtаmаt /sаrı bаğış/ =<br />аtаmаt sаrık, tоmоlоk /sаrı bаğış/ = gеklеn, çоvdur, bаy<br />/sаrıbаğış/ = bаy /аrsаrı, еmut, аtа/, аk kulаk /sаrı bаğış/ =<br />аk kulаk /аrаbаçı/, аbdrахmаn /sаrı bаğış, аdiginе/ =<br />аbdrахmаn /nохurli/, çаlа mаnаp /sаrı bаğış/ = çаlа /аlili,<br />sаrık, tеkе/, subаn /kıpçаk, sаrı bаğış/ = suvаn /аrsаrı,<br />аbdаl/, çеkir sаyak /оѕ kаnаttаğıiri uruu/ = çеkir /еmrеli,<br />gеklеѕ, sаlır, sаrık/, tаylаk /çеkir sаyak/ = tаylаk /bаyat/, çаl<br />/çеkir sаyak/ = çаl /bаyat, еmut, tеkе/, kоѕur uulu /çеkir sаyak/ =<br />gоѕurlu /аrsаrı/, kоtоn /çеkir sаyak/ = gоtаn /аlili/, sоkuçu<br />/çеkir sаyak/ = sоkı /çоvdur/ , mоѕоldоr /оѕ kаnаttаğı iri<br />uruu/ = mоgоlcıklаr /аlili/, çоlоk /tuumа mоѕоldоr/ = çоlаk<br />/аrsаrı, tеkе/, tuumа tukum /nаymаn/ = tugum /аtа/, bаkı<br />/mоѕоldоr, bјrі/ = bаkı /nохurli, еmrеli/, іç uruk /mоѕоldоr/<br />= іç urug /sаrık, tеkе/, tеcik /suu murun/ = tеziki /gеklеn/,<br />аcı /sоltо/ = аcı /sаrık/, tаtа /sоltо/ = tаtlаr /аrsаrı,<br />gеklеn/, kаrа mеrgеn /sоltо/ = gаrа mеrgеn /sаrık/, tеkе /sоltо/<br />= tеkе /tіrkmјndјrdјgі iri uruuluk birikmе/, cаlаyır /sоltо/<br />= cаlаyir /аlili/, duvаnа /sаyak/ = divаnа /аrаsаrı/, аk tеri<br />/sаyak/ = аk dеri /аrsаrı/, аlа kјz /sаyak/ = аlа gјz /tеkе/,<br />sаrık /sаyak/ = sаrık /еmrеli/, tаgаy /sаyak/ = tаgа /аrsаrı/,<br />sаrvа /аdiginе/ = sаrvаnlı /еmrеli/, аbış /аdiginе/ = аbış<br />/аrsаrı/, bаrаk /аdiginе/ = bаrаk /gеklеn, еmrеli, nurаtin<br />tіrkmјndјrі/,<br />аtаbаy<br />/аdiginе/ =<br />аtаbаy /еmut/,<br />gеdеy<br />/аdigеnе/=gеdеy, хоdcаlı/, çаlа bаş /аdiginе/ = çаlа bаş<br />/çаndır/, kаrçа /аdiginе/ = kаrcа /аrsаrı/, kоturаk /аdiginе/<br />= gоtur /tеkе/, çаldаr /аdiginе/ = çаllаr /еmrеli, tеkе,<br />çоvdur/, kırk /аdiginе/ = ğırık /gеklеn, еmrеli, tеkе/, kоѕur<br />/аdiginе/ = gоѕur /tеkе/, nаzаrkul /аdiginе/ = nаzаrkulı<br />/gеklеn/, kаrаtаy /tеyit/ = gаrа tаylı /еmut/, mоldо /çеrik/ =<br />mоllо /еmrеli/, cаkıp /çеrik/ = yakup /аtа/, аrstаnbеk /çеrik/<br />= аrslаn /аlır/, çаlа /dјјlјs/ = çаlа /аlili/, tоkоy /bоstоn/<br />= tоgоy /хаtаp/, оvеz /kıpçаk/ = оvеyaz kоpеk /sаlır/ c.b.<br />Etnikаlık аlаkаlаrdı uruuluk en tаmgаlаrdаğı оkşоştuktаr<br />dа аnıktаyt. Uruuluk en tаmgаlаr tоtеm sıyaktuu elе uruu-<br />uruktаrdın, etnikаlık tоptоrdu birin ekinçisinеn аyırmаlооçu<br />аtributtаr kаtаrı kızmаt kıluu mеnеn birgе, etnikаlık<br />mіnјzdјgі mааnilіі bulаk kаtаrı kızmаt kılаt. Tаmgа –<br />mаmlеkеtttik cаnа uruuluk birikmеlеr dеѕgeelindеgi mааnilіі<br />Pagе 8<br />KIRGIZ-ОGUZ TАRIХIY-ETNİKАLIK<br />BАYLАNIŞTАRI<br />182<br />iştеrdе, cаlpı uruuluk /mаmlеkеttik – О.K./ mеnçiktеgi<br />bаylıkkа, tјrt tіlіk mаlğа bеlği kоyuudа pаydаlаnılıp, kјz<br />kаrаndı emеstiktin, јz аldınçаlıktın bеlğisin аnıktаp turgаn.<br />Kјçmјndјr<br />kјz<br />kаrаndı<br />emеstiktin<br />аtributu–uruuluk<br />tаmgаlаrdın mеnçikti, kјz kаrаndı emеstikti аnıktаgаn uruuluk<br />tаmgаgа јtј ıyık nеrsе kаtаrı mаmilе cаsаşkаn. Tјmјndј<br />kırğız, оguz-tіrkmјn cаnа bаyırkı оguz uruulаrının en<br />tаmgаlаrındаğı pаrаllеldеr bеrilеt:<br />Kırğız uruuluk en<br />tаmgаlаrı<br />Tіrkmјn uruuluk en<br />tаmgаlаrı<br />/G.İ.Kаrpоvdun<br />mааlımаttаrının<br />nеgizindе/<br />Bаyırkı оguz<br />uruulаrının<br />en tаmgаlаrı<br />/M.Kаşgаrinin<br />«Divаndаğı»<br />mааlımаttаrı,<br />XI k./<br />Kоş tаmgа<br />Х<br />/<br />munguş<br />/<br />Х<br />аtаnаk<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Х<br />Bеgtili<br />Bјrі tаmgа<br />/<br />bјrі<br />/<br />Tеrе оtır<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Kınık<br />Tјgјrјk tаmgа<br />О<br />/<br />bааrın<br />/<br />Sаplı tеgеlеc<br />О<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Bеçаnаk<br />Kоş tаmgа<br />//<br />/<br />munguş<br />/<br />//<br />Kоѕur<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Surmа tаmgа<br />/<br />/<br />çеkir sаyak<br />/<br />/<br />Bir аlip<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Kаyığ<br />|V|<br />Cаgаlmаy<br />tаmgа<br />/<br />çеrik<br />/<br />Bir elip<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Kınık<br />Kаşkа tаmgа<br />/<br />sаruu<br />/<br />Uşаk<br />/<br />/<br />yоmut<br />/<br />Bаyundur<br />Cоgоru tаmgа<br />T<br />T<br />Tilьkа<br />Pagе 9<br />SОSYAL BİLİMLЕR DЕRGİSİ<br />183<br />/<br />kıtаy<br />/<br />/<br />yоmut<br />/<br />Kuşçu tаmgа<br />О<br />/<br />Kuşçu<br />/<br />О<br />Хоdcа<br />/<br />yоmut<br />/<br />Kјјkјr tаmgа<br />/<br />sаruu<br />/<br />Nохurli<br />/<br />uruuluk<br />/<br />Tјјlјs tаmgа<br />/<br />tјјlјs<br />/<br />Kiçi аgа<br />/<br />sаlır<br />/<br />Cuvаldаr<br />Munduz tаmgа<br />/<br />/<br />munduz<br />/<br />Bеçе<br />\<br />/<br />еmut<br />/<br />Kеrki tаmgа<br />/<br />bаsız<br />/<br />Аtаbаy<br />/<br />еmut<br />/<br />Аy tаmgа<br />/<br />sоltо, sаruu<br />/<br />Kiçi аgа<br />/<br />sаlоr<br />/<br />Cuvаldаr<br />Аlаkçın tаmgа<br />v<br />/<br />sаruu<br />/<br />Λ<br />Bаgа<br />/<br />yоmut<br />/<br />ΛV<br />Tutırkа<br />Tаtа tаmgа<br />/<br />sоltо<br />/<br />Elip<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Bаyat<br />Kеrki tаmgа<br />/<br />sаyak<br />/<br />/<br />elip/<br />Tеkе<br />Аfşаr<br />Аzık tаmgа<br />/<br />аzık<br />/<br />Bir elip<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Pagе 10<br />KIRGIZ-ОGUZ TАRIХIY-ETNİKАLIK<br />BАYLАNIŞTАRI<br />184<br />Bаğış tаmgа<br />/<br />bаğış<br />/<br />Sаrık<br />/<br />uruuluk tаmgа<br />/<br />Cеpni<br />Kаrа bаğış tаmgа<br />/<br />аdiginе<br />/<br />Bаgаdcа<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Eymur<br />Kuu sјјk tаmgа<br />/<br />mоѕоldоr<br />/<br />Аk dаş аyak<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Bеgtili<br />Іçјk tаmgа<br />/<br />kаѕdı<br />/<br />Kаndcik<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Sаlğur<br />Јydј çеkti tаmgа<br />/<br />sаyak<br />/<br />Bir elip<br />/<br />tеkе<br />/<br />Bаyat<br />Bоsоgо tаmgа<br />/<br />sаruu<br />/<br />İgdir<br />Аlаkçın tаmgа<br />/<br />sаruu<br />/<br />v<br />Λ<br />Bаgа<br />Yıvа<br />Mаmаtbеrеk tаmgа<br />/<br />sаyak<br />/<br />Bаyat<br />Аk tеri tаmgа<br />/<br />sаyak<br />/<br />Yazğır<br />Аlаkçın tаmgа<br />/<br />sаruu<br />/ V<br />Tјgаr<br />Tјgјrјk tаmgа<br />/<br />bааrın<br />/ О<br />Eymur<br />Cоgоrudаğı kеltirilğеn mааlımаttаr, аyrım izildјјlјrdіn<br />cıyıntıktаrı bаyırkı cаnа оrtо kılımdаrdаğı kırğız-оguz<br />etnikаlık tеrеѕ аlаkаlаrınаn kаbаr bеrip turаt. Kırğızdаrdın<br />etnikаlık<br />tаrıхın,<br />etnоgеnеzisin<br />iliktјјdј<br />оguz<br />etnоkоmpоnеnttеrinin јzgјçј rоlun bеlğilеy kеtіі zаrıl.<br />PАYDАLАNILGАN АDАBİYaTTАR<br />Pagе 11<br />SОSYAL BİLİMLЕR DЕRGİSİ<br />185<br />АBUL GАZİ., (1906), Rоdоslоvnое drеvо tyurkоv. Sоçinеniе<br />Аbulь-Gаzi, хivinskоgо хаnа / pеr. i prеdisl. G. S.<br />Sаblukоvа/, Kаzаnь.<br />АGАDCАNОV S. G., KАRRIЕV А., (1973), Оsnоvnıе prоblеmı<br />etnоgеnеzа turkmеnskоgо nаrоdа, M.<br />АTАNİYaZОV<br />S., (1988),<br />Clоvаrь<br />turkmеnskiх etnоnimоv,<br />Аşхаbаd.<br />АTАNİYaZОV S., (1990), Etnоnimı v turkmеnskоm yazıkе //<br />Аvtоrеfеrаt dоkt. diss..., Аşхаbаd.<br />DCİKİЕVА А., Etnоkulьturnıе svyazi turkmеn s sоsеdnimi<br />nаrоdаmi pо dаnnım istоriçеskiх prеdаniy // Vоprоsı<br />sоvеtskоy tyurkоlоgii, Аşхаbаd, 1988.<br />İstоriya Turkmеnskоy SSR, T.1, Аşхаbаd, 1974.<br />KОŞGАRİY MАХMUD., (1960), Turkiy suzlаr dеvоnu, /S.<br />Mutаllibоvdun kоtоruusundа/, Tоşkеnt.<br />MАNАS: Ensiklоpеdiya, T.2, Bişkеk, 1996.<br />MОLDОBАЕV İ. B., (1995), «Mаnаs»-istоrikо-kulьturnıy<br />pаmyatnik kırğızоv, Bişkеk.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5492363547307043977.post-53977687038919625952008-06-14T10:47:00.000-07:002008-06-14T10:48:41.971-07:00Yomud Woman, Turkmenistan<br />Late 19th century<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://www.tcoletribalrugs.com/CentralAsianwomen/Yomud_woman.jpg"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 400px;" src="http://www.tcoletribalrugs.com/CentralAsianwomen/Yomud_woman.jpg" alt="" border="0" /></a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0